Electro-optic modulator electrode design

Recently, Enami and co-workers [118] presented a hybrid cross-linked EO polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator with of 0.65 V at 1,550 nm. Such a low value of half wave voltage, which is one of the best results obtained in literature, is related to the combination of a very high electro-optic effect and to the device design that combines physical vertical tapers in the sol-gel core, index tapers in the EO polymer, a suitable electrode structure and a top buffer layer designed for cross-linked EO polymer systems. In such a device also the optical losses result to be reduced with respect to a more traditional configurations. 

---