Electrically-charged particles ion

The composition of body fluids remains relatively constant despite the many demands placed on the body each day. On occasion, these demands cannot be met, and electrolytes and fluids must be given in an attempt to restore equilibrium. The solutions used in the management of body fluids discussed in this chapter include blood plasma, plasma protein fractions, protein substrates, energy substrates, plasma proteins, electrolytes, and miscellaneous replacement fluids. Electrolytes are electrically charged particles (ions) that are essential for normal cell function and are involved in various metabolic activities. This chapter discusses the use of electrolytes to replace one or more electrolytes that may be lost by the body. The last section of this chapter gives a brief overview of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). 

We now come to internal metal contacts in ISEs without an internal solution. As discussed above, systems without internal electrolytes are used very often, with both solid and liquid membranes. Obviously, the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium requires that common electrically-charged particles (ions or electrons) be present in electrically-charged phases that are in contact (see chapter 2). ISEs with a silver halide membrane to which a silver contact is attached are relatively simple. In the system... 

Neurotransmitters affect receptors in two basic ways. Some bind to receptors which are said to have ionic effects. These receptors, when activated, operate to open tiny pores (ion-channels), allowing electrically charged particles (ions) to enter the nerve cell. When numerous ionic receptors are activated, this can result in either an excitation of the nerve cell (action potential) or, conversely, a calming of the nerve cell (hyperpolarization, which makes it less likely that the cell will fire). Excitation or inhibition depends on which specific type of channel is activated. This phenomenon is responsible for eliciting immediate and transient changes in neuronal excitability (for example, this occurs when a motor neuron is activated and there is corresponding activation of a muscle, or when sensory events are perceived). 

Arrhenius received the 1903 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on electrolytes. He found that a solution conducts electricity because the solute dissociates immediately upon dissolving into electrically charged particles (ions). The movement of these ions toward oppositely charged electrodes causes the solution to be a conductor. According to Arrhenius s theory, solutions that are relatively poor conductors contain electrolytes that are only partly dissociated. Arrhenius also believed that ions exist in solution whether or not an electric current is present. In other words, the electric current does not cause the formation of ions. Remember that positive ions are cations negative ions are anions. 

Because the electrically charged droplets retain their charge but get smaller, their electric field increases. At some point, mutual repulsion between like charges causes charged particles (ions) to leave the surface of the droplet (ion evaporation). These ions can be detected by the mass spectrometer. 

Most minerals in water exist as ions - electrically charged particles that give them an electrical conductivity. The different systems of units that measure their concentration can cause much confusion. For any calculation involving adding different ions to one another it is vital to use one of two systems of equivalents. 

Electrolytes Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH]... 

Ion An electrically charged particle created when an atom either loses or gains one or more electrons. 

FIGURE 4.1 A simple device to demonstrate the electrical conductivity of an ionic solution, (a) A solution of NaCl conducts electricity because of the movement of charged particles (ions), thereby completing the circuit and allowing the bulb to light, (b) A solution of sucrose does not conduct electricity or complete the circuit because it has no charged particles. The bulb therefore remains dark. 

The piezoelectric effect is an electromechanical effect in which mechanical evoke and reverse an electric reaction in a ferroelectric material and vice versa. The word piezo has been derived from the Greek piezein which means press . Compounds are composed of positive and negative ions and are electrically neutral as a whole. The fact that electrically charged particles are still present in the crystal can for example be demonstrated by means of the electric... 

An ion is an electrically charged particle. When an atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a positively charged ion. For example, during the chemical reactions of potassium, each atom loses an electron to form a positive ion, K+. 

Peltier heat — is the amount of heat absorbed or released when electrically charged particles (i.e., -> electrons or -> ions) are transferred from one phase to another under isothermal and reversible conditions [i]. See also -> molar electrochemical Peltier heat. 

A double electrical layer arises at the interface of two phases due to redistribution of the electrical charge when charged particles (ions, electrons) pass from one phase to another (Pisarenko et al., 1964). In colloidal solutions the particles of the dispersed phase enter into an adsorption reaction with electrolyte ions present in the solution. The electrolyte ions are selectively adsorbed on the surface of the particles and give it a certain charge. Thus the inner face of the double electrical layer is formed. Ions of opposite sign (counterions), which in part are concentrated on the surface of the particles and in part form a loose mobile shell some distance from the surface, constitute the outer face of the double electrical layer (Fig. 47). 

Ions are electrically charged particles that have different chemical properties than their parent atoms. 

An electrolyte is a salt that splits into ions when placed into water. An ion is an electrically charged particle that is either positively or negatively charged. A positively charged ion is called a cation and a negatively charged ion is called an anion. 

Molten compounds conduct electricity well because they contain mobile charged particles (ions). 

Electrically charged particles in aqueous media are surroimded by ions of opposite charge (counterions) and electrolyte ions, namely, the electrical double layer. The quantity He represents the energy of repulsion caused by the interaction of the electrical double layers. The expression for He depends on the ratio between the particle radius and the thickness of the electrical double layer, k, called the Debye length. For K.a > 5 (Quemada and Berli, 2002) ... 

First, aerosol particles are important from the point of view of atmospheric electricity. A fraction of the air molecules is electrically charged (small ions), as a result of ionizing radiation. Measurements show (Bricard and Pradel, 1966) that in 1 cm3 of surface air about 10 ion-pairs are formed each second. Eight out of ten are produced by the radioactivity of the air and soil, while the other two are produced by cosmic radiation. The electrical properties of the air are determined by the electrical mobility (B) of ions formed ... 

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