Electrical work with a galvanic cell

A galvanic cell is an electrochemical system that, when isolated, exhibits an electric potential difference between the two terminals at the system boundary. The potential difference 

T/jermoafynam/csandCtem/sfr y, second edition, version 3 2011 by Howard DeVoe. Latest version www.chem.umd.edu/thermobook 

Consider the combination of galvanic cell and electrical resistor in Fig. 3.16, and let the system be the cell. When an electric current passes through the cell in either direction, a cell reaction takes place in one direction or the other. 

In a manner similar to the labeling of the conductors of a circuit, the cell terminals are called the right terminal and the left terminal. The cell potential ceii is the electric potential difference between the terminals, and is defined by 

When the cell is in an isolated zero-current equilibrium state, as in Fig. 3.16(a), the cell potential is the equilibrium cell potential f ceii.eq- When the cell is part of an electrical circuit with an electric current passing through the cell, as in Fig. 3.16(b), Eceii is different from Eceii, eq on account of the internal resistance f ceii of the cell  

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