Electrical shorting

The roof, in the form of a dome, is either comprised of refractory brick held in place by a water-cooled steel roof ring, or it may be composed of water-cooled panels. Sometimes water-cooled rings or glands are placed on the roof around the electrodes to maintain the refractory. On high power furnaces refractory is used around the electrodes to minimize the possibiUty of electrical short circuits. 

Separator s a physical barrier between the positive and negative electrodes incorporated into most cell designs to prevent electrical shorting. The separator can be a gelled electrolyte or a microporous plastic film or other porous inert material filled with electrolyte. Separators must be permeable to ions and inert in the battery environment. 

Splices. Splices and taps may not be made in sealing fittings. Most sealing compounds are poor insulators, and electrical shorts could occur. 

The current efficiency also depends on the nature of the electrode and of the electrodeposit. Generally the current efficiency is high with electrodes which do not specifically polarize with respect to the desired reaction. The current efficiency is observed to be low when a powdery or a dendritic type of deposit is formed on the electrode. This is because of the relatively poor adherence of such deposits which results in mechanical loss and also because of the possibility of electrical short-circuiting between the electrodes, resulting in flow of an electrical current which does not contribute to the electrochemical reaction. 

Dealing strictly with facts will eliminate the misinterpretations of perceptions. In our example, it would be easy to verify that a fire was actually burning versus an electrical short that was arcing, or the simple refraction of light from a luminous surface by going to the location of the incident and visually inspecting the area in question. 

Electrical conductors are normally insulated for protection and avoidance of electrical shorting. Typical insulating materials are plastics that can readily bum with toxic vapors. The NEC specifies certain fire resistant rating to electrical cables to lessen the possibility of cable insulation ignitability and fire spread. 

The LEC structure that involves the addition of ionic dopants and surfactants to the printable inks enables the ability to print a top electrode without restriction by the work function of the metal. Silver, nickel, or carbon particle-based pastes are generally the preferred printable electron injecting electrodes however, the shape and size of the particles combined with the softening properties of the solvent can create electrical shorts throughout the device when printed over a thin polymer layer that is only several hundred nanometers thick. For optimal performance, the commercially available pastes must be optimized for printing onto soluble thin films to make a fully screen-printed polymer EL display. 

Know how such reactions might be initiated (e.g., heat, contamination, inadvertent mixing, impact, friction, electrical short, lightning). 

The incident began during a normal mn when the operator noted an electrical short not long after the start of the melt. Standard shutdown procedures were initiated, and the titanium electrode was retracted at a rate of about 30 cm/min using a chain hoist. During shutdown, what proved later to be a water leak into the cmcible occurred with a concomitant pressure rise. Three mpture discs failed at about 4 bar. Some 2 min... 

Oil, grease, and other contaminants can damage electrical insulation on cables and in motor windings, resulting in electrical short-circuits and failures. 

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