Electrical-loss angle

The power factor of a material may be described loosely as the fraction of the electrical energy stored by the condenser in each cycle which is lost as heat. This arises because the phase difference between voltage and current deviates from 90° (which it would be for a perfect dielectric, e.g. vacuum) by the loss angle, 8. The dissipation factor is the tangent of the loss angle, tan 8. 

Electrical conductivity, permittivity (dielectric constant) and loss angle are the most important electrical properties of glass at low temperatures. These properties are important when glass is used as an insulating material or as a functional component of electrotechnical devices and instruments. 

Bulk electrical conduction The gross feature of the electroactivity of a material is best understood from the a.c. experiment. The variation of complex impedance and loss angle with frequency of the applied voltage was studied for better information about the a.c. conductance of the biopolymer gum Arabica. This measurement was carried out on a gum Arabica sample caste on a plane copper surface between frequency ranges 0.5 Hz - 100 KHz and between... 

The sine of the loss angle (sin d) or the cosine of the phase angle (cos 6) is termed the power factor. In electrical applications the power loss (PL) is defined as the rate of energy loss per unit volume and is derived to be... 

ASTM D150 Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation includes the determination of relative permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle through specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range that can be covered extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz. 

Loss angle The inverse tangent of the electrical dissipation factor. 

In both electric and mechanical cases, the loss tan, 6, is defined as the inelastic component normalized to the elastic component. In principle, dielectric and mechanical loss angles (6) should be the same if the relaxation processes are the same and if both electric field and mechanical load are acting at the same dipole field. At least at low temperatures and low frequencies, the relaxation processes are the same if the same modes are activated. The activation can be different. For the dielectric losses, the net dipole moments are decisive. For many polymers with a certain regularity of structure, dipole moments are cancelled to some extent, thus yielding a lower dielectric loss. These materials are known as nonpolar ones. Polyethylene and Teflon are two examples. 

Jurkawska et al. [66] investigated the effect of fullerene and carbon black on the properties of rubber. In addition to beneficial improvements to physical properties such as elastic modulus fullerene at the 0.06-0.75 phr level, also affected were electrical properties such as dielectric loss angle and permittivity. 

Electrical characteristics (resistivity/conductivity, dielectric constant, loss angle, ionic purity)... 

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