Electrical conductivity of solids

The great variations among solids make it desirable to And useful classification schemes. Though this topic is taken up much later in the course (Chapter 17), a beginning is provided by a look at the electrical conductivity of solids. 

Nakahara Y, Kimura K, friokuchi H, Yagi T (1979) Electrical conductivity of solid state proteins simple proteins and cytochrome C3 as anhydrous film. Chem Lett 8 877-880... 

Among the different possible methods to study the electrical conductivity of solid-state devices, the deepest insight into the process might be gained by studying the energy levels and wavefunctions (or, alternatively for bulk materials, the bandstructure). 

Figure 15-8. Electrical conductivity of solid electrolytes (and concentrated H2S04 (aq)) as a function of temperature.

Electrical conductivity of metals is very high and is of the order of 106 108 ohm-1 cm-1 while that of insulators is of the order of 10-12 ohm-1 cm-1. Semi-conductors have intermediate conductivity which lies in the range 102 10-9 ohm-1 cm1. Electrical conductivity of solids may arise through the motion of electrons and positive holes (electronic conductivity) or through the motion of ions (ionic conductivity). The conduction through electrons is called n-type conduction and through positive holes is called p-type conduction. Pure ionic solids where conduction can take place only through motion of ions are insulators. However, the presence of defects in the crystal structure increases their conductivity. 

The Electrical Conductivity of Solid Chlorine and Bromine Trifluorides... 

The methods for determination of the electrical conductivity of solids are discussed in Section 2.1.7. For most materials, a change in electrical conductivity can be expected due to interaction of two solid phases. In a single phase transformation, the disorder in the solid must increase, causing an increase in conductivity which will be reversed when the new phase is formed. The change may be indicated by a change in temperature coefficient or by a sharp discontinuity. 

As with decreasing of the cation average ionic radius the electrical conductivity of solid solution samples on the basis of Zr02 increases and stability of solid solution deceases [4] and one of the most important demands that are made to the solid electrolytes is a combination of high electrical conductivity with the ageing stability (R /Ro), the ageing of investigated solid electrolytes was studied in the present work. 

Y. Nakahara, K. Kimura, H. Inokuchi, and T. Yagi, Electrical Conductivity of Solid State Proteins Simple Protein Cytochrome as Anhydrous Film, Chem. Lett. 1979, 877-880 (1979) cf. also K. Kimura, Y. Nakahara, T. Yagi, and H. Inokuchi, Electrical Conduction of Hemoprotein in the Solid Phase Anhydrous Cytochrome C3 Film, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 3317-3323 (1979). 

K.-H. Hass and U. Schindewolf. The electrical conductivity of solid and molten cesium hydroxide - A contribution to solid proton conductors. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 346-8. 

Fig. 7.52, The Hall mobility (o) and the electrical conductivity ( ) of solid and liquid As-Se-Te (a) ASjSe Te, (b) As SeTe (after Male (1967)).

Balakireva VB, Neuymin AD, Arzhannikov VA, Pal guyev SF (1981) Electrical conductivity of solid solutions on the basis of rare earth oxides with calcium oxide additives. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Neorg Mat (Rus) 17 1226-1231... 

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