Electric utilities independant power producers

U.S. Congress passes Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA). This law requires utilities to purchase electricity from qualified independent power producers. Portions of the act helped stimulate growth... 

Every continent on the planet is surrounded by a cleaner, safer, more efficient energy resource. As conventional energy supplies are depleted, means are being developed, and in some cases are in actual operation, to convert the energy found in waves, tidal currents, ocean and river currents, ocean thermal gradients, and offshore wind into usable electric power for utility-scale grids, independent power producers, and the public sector. 

Independent power producers (IPP s), created initially by the passage of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), are another group dependent heavily upon opportunity fuels. Unlike electric utilities and process industries, however, IPP s tend to use opportunity fuels as 100 percent of the feed to any boiler. In eastern Pennsylvania,... 

In the US states in which electricity markets have been liberalized, there are a variety of electricity firms historical suppliers which have retained part of their generation assets, independent producers which sell their electricity on the power exchange and bilaterally, municipal utilities which retain their legal monopolies, and new suppliers which compete with historical suppliers in specific market segments. 

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