Einstein’s formula

Applying Einstein s formula, which links with the diffusion coefficient... 

The values of v obs. were determined from the atomic heats by means of Einstein s formula, those of v calc. were obtained from equation (6) ... 

Nuclear binding energies are determined by applying Einstein s formula to the mass difference between the nucleus and its components. Iron and nickel have the highest binding energy per nucleon. 

Unstable, silvery metal. The element was first discovered in the fallout from the first hydrogen bomb on the Bikini Atoll (1952), later produced by neutron bombardment of plutonium. Half-lives of the isotopes range from 20 to 401 days. "Relatively short-lived" in comparison to Einstein s formula E=m-c2, which is valid forever. Only of scientific interest. 

In Einstein s formula x — 4iA, hence the anticipated dependence of on the viscosity and time of amplitude is amply confirmed by experiment. 

Einstein s formula holds for any type of linear viscometers, and can be derived by different methods [10, 26, 31], For dilute systems, considering the first-order effect of the spheres interacting with one another, Guth and Simha [25] gave... 

Energies associated with nuclear binding can be quite impressive. For example, the mass of a deuterium nucleus is 3.3435860 x 10-27 kg from Appendix A, the masses of the proton and neutron are 1.6726231 x 10-27 kg and 1.6749286 x 10-27 kg respectively. Use Einstein s formula E = me2 to calculate the energy difference between a mole of deuterium nuclei and a mole of separated protons plus neutrons. 

If the excited level contains e2 states hv above the groundstate (representing e( mutually orthogonal states), Einstein s formula from 191733 relates the radiative life-time rrad to the oscillator strength P of absorption ... 

Nuclear binding energy This is the energy needed to disassemble a nucleus into its component nucleons, and is an important demonstration of Einstein s formula. It can best be understood by considering the nucleus 12C. The atomic mass unit, by being defined as i/l2th of the 12C atomic mass, causes A for 12C to be identically equal to zero thatis, A(12C) = o. But the 12C atom is assembled from six H atoms (sixprotons with their six electrons) and six neutrons, each of which is more massive than mu. Their atomic mass excesses are... 

Someone suggests that thermal (or heat) radiation can also be vievs ed as mass radiation since, according to Einstein s formula, an energy transfer in the amount of conespoiids to a mass transfer in the amount of m = E/c. What do you Uiink ... 

The calculation is generally somewhat complicated. Using Einstein s formula, Magnus carried out this calculation for the cell Pb-f 2AgCl = PbCl2+2Ag, investigated by Bronsted, and obtained the following fairly complicated formula ... 

A 4.00 X 10 m The binding energy hvo can be calculated from Einstein s formula ... 

Substituting for x tbe value found above, we obtain Einstein s formula for m ... 

We now apply the quantum theory to solids so far as to conclude that Cv decreases at low temperatures, and does so, since it consists of purely monochromatic resonators of the frequency v, according to Einstein s formula (p. 59). 

The rheological behavior of multiphase systems within the linear, dilute region ((() < 0.05) is relatively well described. For example, for dilute suspensions of spherical particles in Newtonian liquids, Eq 7.2 reduces to Einstein s formula for the relative viscosity, T ... 

The vibrational frequencies are derived from the harmonic approximation, which assumes that the potential surface has a quadratic form. The association between transition eneigy AE and frequency v is performed by Einstein s formula... 

Experiment has shown that Einstein s formula is suitable for describing the viscosity of suspensions with the volume concentration of solid particles W < 0.02, though sometimes this formula is used for the values up to W = 0.1. 

At we increase the volume concentration of particles, the impact of particles on each other can no longer be neglected. The appropriate correction to Einstein s formula was obtained by Batchelor and has the order of [35] ... 

Einstein s formula is valid for hard spheres, but it is modified for the case of a dispersion of liquid spheres in another liquid medium. For that case Taylor obtained the expression [25]... 

Finally, we derived Einstein s formula jti = for the kinetic energy of a body with mass in (this depends... 

Several attempts have been made to experimentally verify the theory of Brownian motion proposed by Einstein. Svedberg s results [18] were close to the expected values, but several researchers remained skeptical. Henri [19] used the recently invented film camera, attached to a microscope, to record the trajectories of latex particles suspended in water, but could not find quantitative agreement with Einstein s formula. The theory was finally verified by Perrin [20] by a series of experiments. In these experiments, the data was obtained using a microscope and a camera, while the displacements and the number of particles were measured manually. 

Dotted part of the curve probable further course of the curve, assuming that the latter at 100% alcohol ends at the value 0.002 which follows from Einstein s formula (with factor 2.5) for dry agar (density about 1.5). 

In 1916 Smoluchowski gave an extension of Einstein s formula for the case when the (undeformable) particles bear a capillary electric charge ... 

Einstein s formula, according to its derivation, holds only for Couette flow. Its usefulness for capillary viscosimeters and the probability of its general validity was proved by R. Simha, Kolloid Z., 76, 16 (1936). 

A is defined from the normtilization condition (here from the condition that the formula for the scattered light intensity at a finite in the limiting case 0 must reduce to Einstein s formula 13). 

The same procedure can be applied to the cuiiiulaiits or moiiieiils f7(r). With Stokes-Einstein s formula, the -average hydrodynamic riidius of the inacromolecules is determined from the z-average diffusion coefficient... 

---