Einstein photoelectric effect

Albert Einstein Photoelectric effect Duality of light established relationships between energy and frequencies of light waves... 

The final technique addressed in this chapter is the measurement of the surface work function, the energy required to remove an electron from a solid. This is one of the oldest surface characterization methods, and certainly the oldest carried out in vacuo since it was first measured by Millikan using the photoelectric effect [4]. The observation of this effect led to the proposal of the Einstein equation ... 

Einstein, in 1906, applied this theory to the photoelectric effect and showed that... 

Even though Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect in 1906 photoelectron spectroscopy, as we now know it, was not developed until the early 1960s, particularly by Siegbahn, Turner and Price. 

When Max Planck wrote his remarkable paper of 1901, and introduced what Stehle (1994) calls his time bomb of an equation, e = / v , it took a number of years before anyone seriously paid attention to the revolutionary concept of the quantisation of energy the response was as sluggish as that, a few years later, whieh greeted X-ray diffraction from crystals. It was not until Einstein, in 1905, used Planck s concepts to interpret the photoelectric effect (the work for which Einstein was actually awarded his Nobel Prize) that physicists began to sit up and take notice. Niels Bohr s thesis of 1911 which introduced the concept of the quantisation of electronic energy levels in the free atom, though in a purely empirical manner, did not consider the behaviour of atoms assembled in solids. 

A. Einstein (Berlin) services to theoretical physics, especially discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. 

None of Einstein s first four papers published between 1901 and 1904 foreshadowed his explosive creativity of 1905, his annus mirabilis, in which he produced in March, his proposal of the existence of light quanta and the photoelectric effect, work for which in 1922 he received the Nobel Prize in April, a paper on the determination of molecular dimensions, which earned him his Ph.D. m Zurich m May, his theory of special relativity in September, a sequel to the preceding paper containing the relation E = mc. Any one of these papers would have made him greatly renowned their totality made him immortal. 

In the course of his research on electromagnetic waves Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. He showed that for the metals he used as targets, incident radiation in the ultraviolet was required to release negative charges from the metal. Research by Philipp Lenard, Wilhelm Hallwachs, J. J. Thomson, and other physicists finally led Albert Einstein to his famous 1905 equation for the photoelectric effect, which includes the idea that electromagnetic energy is quantized in units of hv, where h is Planck s con-... 

A hundred years ago it was generally supposed that all the properties of light could be explained in terms of its wave nature. A series of investigations carried out between 1900 and 1910 by Max Planck (1858-1947) (blackbody radiation) and Albert Einstein (1879-1955) (photoelectric effect) discredited that notion. Today we consider light to be generated as a stream of particles called photons, whose energy E is given by the equation... 

We can now interpret the experimental observations of the photoelectric effect in light of Einstein s theory ... 

The new delightful book by Greenstein and Zajonc(9) contains several examples where the outcome of experiments was not what physicists expected. Careful analysis of the Schrddinger equation revealed what the intuitive argument had overlooked and showed that QM is correct. In Chapter 2, Photons , they tell the story that Einstein got the Nobel Prize in 1922 for the explaining the photoelectric effect with the concept of particle-like photons. In 1969 Crisp and Jaynes(IO) and Lamb and Scullyfl I) showed that the quantum nature of the photoelectric effect can be explained with a classical radiation field and a quantum description for the atom. Photons do exist, but they only show up when the EM field is in a state that is an eigenstate of the number operator, and they do not reveal themselves in the photoelectric effect. 

In 1905, Albert Einstein provided an elegant explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein postulated that light comes in packets or bundles, called photons. Each photon has an energy that is directly proportional to the... 

Einstein applied the law of conservation of energy to the photoelectric effect, as shown schematically in Figure 7-7. When a metal surface absorbs a photon, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron ... 

Example shows how to apply Einstein s analysis of the photoelectric effect. 

Einstein s explanation of the photoelectric effect showed that light has some properties of particles. Light consists of photons, each of which is like a bullet of energy with the discrete energy E = Hy. Although simple, this... 

Einstein in 1905 who explained the photoelectric effect (He did so by extending an idea proposed by Planck five years earlier to postulate that the energy in a light beam was concentrated in "packets" or photons.. 

Photoelectric effect The effect produced when electromagnetic radiation knocks electrons out of a metal. Einstein used this phenomenon to show that light was quantized and came in energy packets called photons. 

To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein (1905) postulated that light, or electromagnetic radiation, consists of a beam of particles, each of which travels at the same velocity c (the speed of light), where c has the value... 

The wave interpretation of the interference pattern observed in Young s experiment is inconsistent with the particle or photon concept of light as required by Einstein s explanation of the photoelectric effect. If the monochromatic beam of light consists of a stream of individual photons, then each photon presumably must pass through either slit A or slit B. To test this assertion, detectors are placed directly behind slits A and B and both slits are opened. The light beam used is of such low intensity that only one photon at a time is emitted by S. In this situation each photon is recorded by either one detector or the other, never by both at once. Half of the photons are observed to pass through slit A, half through slit B in random order. This result is consistent with particle behavior. 

Albert Einstein s 1905 work on the photoelectric effect paved the way for one of the greatest advances of twentieth-century science, the theory of quantum mechanics. Light had always been regarded as a wave. Quantum mechanics introduced the concept of light being transmitted in wave packets, or photons, that have particle-like qualities as well as wave-like qualities. 

The photoelectric method is based on the photoelectric effect. The kinetic energy of the electrons emitted during illumination of a metal with light having a frequency v obeys the Einstein equation... 

The photoelectric effect, in which the photon is absorbed and an electron is produced with kinetic energy equal to the difference between the photon energy and the binding energy of the electron (Einstein equation). 

The settling of certain particular amplitude depends on the initial conditions. When the motion becomes stationary the amplitude s value practically does not depend on the wave s intensity when the latter changes over a significant range above a certain threshold value. This is reminiscent of Einstein s explanation of the photoelectric effect using Planck s quantization hypothesis. In this case the absorption is also independent of the incoming wave s intensity. Besides, the absorbed... 

Hertz s experiment as being caused by electrons [2], The phenomenon of photoemission has played an important role in confirming Einstein s famous postulate, published in 1905, that light is quantized in photons of energy hv[3J. We refer to Margaritondo [4] for an interesting review on the early days of the photoelectric effect. 

Finally, in the early 20th century Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect based on quantized packets of electromagnetic radiation called photons. These quickly led to the familiar relationships of the energy of a photon,... 

It is somewhat surprising that despite all of his contributions to science and engineering, including his work on Brownian motion and the theory of relativity, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) won his only Nobel Prize in 1921 for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. ... 

Fortunately for science, Einstein s deflection toward other problems ended productively, for the ensuing 1905 Annus Mirabilis witnessed publication of Einstein s three papers on the special theory of relativity, Brownian motion, and the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect.)... 

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