Saturation efficiency

Q. Hou, Q. Zhou, Y. Zhang, W. Yang, R. Yang, and Y. Cao, Synthesis and electroluminescent properties of high-efficiency saturated red emitter based on copolymers from fluorene and 4,7-di(4-hexylthien- 2-yl)-2,l,3-benzothiadiazole, Macromolecules, 37 6299-6305, 2004. 

Subsequently, Cao et al. [30,31] designed and synthesized polymer 20-22 by similar method and the highly efficient saturated red-phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) were achieved on the basis of copolymer 20. The best device performances are observed with an external quantum efficiency of 6.5% photon/electron (ph/el) at the current density of 38 mA/cm2, with the emission peak at 630 nm (x = 0.65, y = 0.31) and the luminance of 926 cd/m2. 

The eukaryotic FASs synthesize predominantly the 16-carbon saturated product with smaller amounts of 14- and 18-carbon products. The enzymatic basis of product specificity of the animal FAS has been studied in some detail in G. Hammes and S. Smith s laboratories. The KS has a relatively broad chain-length specificity and is able to transfer efficiently saturated acyl moieties with 2-14 carbon atoms from the phosphopantetheine thiol to the active-site cysteine thiol. However, longer chain-length acyl moieties are transferred between thiols with increasing difficulty [17], In contrast, the chain-terminating thioesterase has very limited ability to remove acyl moieties with less than 16 carbon atoms from the phosphopantetheine thiol (S. Smith, 1978, 1991). Thus the specificities of... 

In favourable cases therefore, these designs can be efficient, saturated, or nearly saturated. The precision of the resulting estimates is good, with minimized standard error. The designs are also orthogonal, the estimates of the coefficients of the different variables being uncorrelated with one another. 

Huang, R, L.T. Hou, H.L. Shen, J.X. Jiang, F. Wang, H.Y. Zhen, and Y. Cao. 2005. Synthesis, photophysics, and electroluminescence of high-efficiency saturated red light-emitting polyfluorene-based polyelectrolytes and their neutral precursors. J Mater Chem 15 (25) 2499-2507. 

A linear color center laser cavity is schematically shown in Fig. 12. The cavity has two arms, one with a tight beamwaist at which the color center crystal is placed, and one with a nominally collimated beam where tuning elements may be inserted. The crystal is oriented at Brewster s angle to minimize reflective losses. The tight focus at the crystal establishes the high intensity needed for efficient saturation of the population inversion. The spot size at the beam focus, designated the beamwaist parameter cOo, is typically in the range of 20-35 fim for color center lasers. 

Salting can increase the extraction efficiency, especially in the case of polar compounds [14], Concentrations of salt above 1% are reported to cause a substantial increase in extraction efficiency. Saturation with salt can be used to normalize random salt concentrations in natural matrices [26], We found that a 10% of salt (w/v) added to urine samples led to a 26 to 35% increase in sensitivity for inhalation anesthetics, whereas a further addition of salt (up to 50%) did not further lower the detection limit. Besides salts, other additives such as nonvolatile acids [35] or water [36] can be used to enhance the extraction of analytes from very complex matrices. 

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