Efficiency mass extinction

X = log(D/Dp), Eg is the mass extinction efficiency for species i, and m3(x) is the volume average refractive index as a function of X. Strict application of Equation (1) requires information on all species. 

The species mass extinction efficiency. Eg, can be theoretically determined from Mie s classical solution to light extinction by a sphere in an infinite medium. Computer routines are available to calculate single particle extinction efficiencies, and, hence. Eg ( ). If the mass distribution of each species is... 

Sulfate Average Mass Extinction Efficiency, ct. Comparison of Statistically Inferred Values... 

Aerosol Species Average Mass Extinction Efficiency mVg % Decrease in Current Visual Range Due to Additional 2 pg/m of Species... 

Perhaps the most important example of a new biochemical pathway generating a global impact was the development of photosynthesis. The atmosphere of Earth originally was reducing. Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a by-product. Oxygen, which is quite toxic, became a major constituent of the atmosphere. This change produced a mass extinction event, yet also provided for the evolution of much more efficient metabolisms. 

The efficiency of this method was again demonstrated by Bekov et al. (1988) when detecting Rh traces in natural samples. Extraordinarily high concentrations of iridium and other siderophiles were discovered in the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary deposits and interpreted (Alvarez et al. 1980) as a result of a large extraterrestrial body falling upon the Earth, causing mass extinction of the biota dominant in the... 

Of the various forms in which matter may be distributed in space, by far the most efficient in producing.obscuration is fine dust, since this has the greatest superficial area per unit of mass. In a cloud composed of spherical particles of radius r and density p, distributed at random so that the average quantity of matter per unit volume is d, the extinction of a beam of light in passing through this cloud will be e stellar magnitudes per unit of distance, where e = 0.814 qd/pr. 

In addition, minimising the heat loss over the whole stabilisation zone results in a displacement of the extinction line in the left direction (towards lower fuel mass fractions). Since cooling causes the heat loss to be minimised, cooling efficiency opposes flame stability. 

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