Effects of organic solvents on phase-transfer catalysis

3 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON PHASE-TRANSFER CATALYSIS 

Maw-Ling Wang Department of Chemical Engineering National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, ROC 

In 1951, Jarrouse found that the reaction of aqueous-soluble sodium cyanide (NaCN) and organic-soluble 1-chlorooctane (I-C8H17CI) is dramatically enhanced by adding a small amount of quaternary ammonium salt (R4N X , or Q X , Q R4N ). The reaction is almost complete and a 95% conversion is obtained within two hours when a catalytic amount of tetra-n-butylammonium chloride ((C4H9)4N C1 , or Q CL, Q (C4H9)4N ) is added. The mechanism of the reaction of sodium cyanide and 1-chlorooctane in organic solvent/water two-phase medium is expressed as 

Inverse phase-transfer catalysis (IPTC) can be applied to synthesize symmetric and antisymmetric acid anhydride in organic synthesis. - - - - - Pyridine 1-oxide (PNO), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (PPY) and l-methyl-2(lH)-pyridothione are usually used as the inverse phase-transfer eatalysts 

The characteristics of two-phase phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) systems are the presence of at least two phases and at least one interfacial region separating the 

The phase-transfer catalytic reactions (NPTC, RPTC or IPTC) are usually carried out in a liquid-liquid two-phase mediiun. They have been extensively applied to liquid-gas, liquid-solid two-phase media. However, piuification of product from catalyst in the 

---

Effects of organic solvents on phase-transfer catalysis... 

---