Effect of reaction conditions

From these results, it is evident that the choice of pressure gasification is an economic issue, which is mainly determined by the desired final product and the pressure at which purified gas is used. Pressures of 35 bar are typical for low-pressure chemical synthesis, such as oxo-chemical products and acetic acid 62 bar are used 

Modeling of Processes and Reactors for Upgrading of Heavy Petroleum 

FIGURE 4.5 Effect of pressure and temperature on synthesis gas composition. 

It is essential to recognize that pressure effects on the chanistry and performance of the partial oxidation step alone are relatively unimportant in the optimization of a complete plant including air separation, CO shift conversion (when Hj production is required), gas purification, and compression of purified gas (when necessary). In general, it is convenient to generate the product gas to the lower pressure that allows delivery without compression of the purified gas at the required pressure. 

The percent conversion for the onset of the gel effect varies considerably depending on the monomer and the reaction conditions (which determine coil size, viscosity, entanglements). In some systems the gel effect has been reported as occurring at only a few percent 

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TABLE 8-1 Effect of Reaction Conditions on Product Composition in the Treatment of 3)S-Hydroxy-5a-androstan-l7-one (5,6 mmoles) with Diethyl(2-chloro-l,l,2-trifluoroethyl) amine (9 mmoles)... 

Sohnel, O. and Matejckova, E., 1981. Batch precipitation of alkaline earth carbonates. Effect of reaction conditions on filterability of resulting suspensions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 20, 525-528. 

The effect of reaction conditions on p can be pronounced, and this factor must... 

Merck chemists have done a detailed investigation on the effect of reaction conditions on the yield and selectivity of the Friedlander reaction. Initially, the... 

Figure 3.57 The effect of reaction conditions upon decomposition of cis-Pt(PPh3)2(C4H9)2.

This section concerns the synthesis of polyisobutylenes (PIB) bearing a Si-H head-group (HSi-PIB) by the use of Si-H containing functional initiator in conjunction with Me3Al coinitiator. First the effect of reaction conditions on the rate and molecular weight have been investigated and subsequently a H1 NMR method for the quantitative characterization of Si-H groups in HSi-PIB was developed. 

Butadienes are arylated in the 1-position and add the chlorine in the 4-position, thus yielding 2-butene derivatives. The double bond in 2-butene is much less reactive than those in 1,3-butadiene, and therefore the latter does not form diarylbutane derivatives when more than one equivalent of the diazonium salt is present. An extensive study of the effects of reaction conditions on Meerwein reactions with butadiene was made by Dombrovskii and Ganushchak (1961). 

All the samples prepared were transparent and flexible. Dynamic mechanical studies indicated that a portion of the siloxane species was phase separated, while the remainder was well dispersed. The effects of reaction conditions on the dispersion of... 

This model permits a determination of the rate constants for the rise of the chemiluminescence intensity and its subsequent decay and, more importantly, allows a quantitative assessment of the effects of reaction conditions, such as solvent variation, temperature, or additives, on the rates (r and f), the time required (t... 

Paulo, C. and Puskas, J.E. Synthesis of hyperbranched polyisobutylenes by inimer-type living polymerization. I. Investigation of the effect of reaction conditions. Macromolecules, 34, 734, 2001. 

Effect of reaction conditions on the asymmetric hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate over immobilized Ru-BINAP catalyst... 

Song H, ER Carraway (2005) Reduction of chlorinated ethanes by nanosized zero-valent iron kinetics, pathways, and effect of reaction conditions. Environ Sci Technol 39 6237-6245. 

Effect of Reaction Conditions on Solubility. Earlier results ( ) suggested investigation of the ZnCl -methanol system as a coal-liquefaction medium based on high product solubility, low... 

In this chapter, we will study the elementary reaction steps of these mechanisms focusing primarily on the anthraphos systems. This chapter begins with a description of the impact of different methods (coupled cluster, configuration interaction and various DFT functionals), different basis sets, and phosphine substituents on the oxidative addition of methane to a related Ir system, [CpIr(III)(PH3)Me]+. Then, it compares the elementary reaction steps, including the effect of reaction conditions such as temperature, hydrogen pressure, alkane and alkene concentration, phosphine substituents and alternative metals (Rh). Finally, it considers how these elementary steps constitute the reaction mechanisms. Additional computational details are provided at the end of the chapter. 

Irradiation of unprotected carbohydrates was the subject of greatest photochemical interest to the early carbohydrate photochemists.1 The investigations of these early workers were concerned primarily with the effect of reaction conditions upon the photochemical process, rather than with the identity of the reaction products. Between 1960 and 1969, a comprehensive series of papers was published on the photochemical reactions of D-glucose and D-glucitol.95-99 These studies contributed greatly to understanding of the photochemistry of unprotected carbohydrates, as not only was the result of variation in the reaction conditions studied but also the structures of the products were determined. 

R. K. Sharma, T. S. Fisher, and M. R. Hajaligol, Effect of reaction conditions on pyrolysis of chlorogenic acid, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 62, 281-296 (2002). 

The Mechanical Properties of Water-Based Emulsion Polymers Effect of Reaction Conditions... 

Jen, H.-W. Study of nitric oxide reduction over silver/alumina catalysts imder lean conditions Effects of reaction conditions and support, Catal Today, 1998, Volume 42, Issues 1-2, 37-44. 

The effect of reaction conditions on h (and Rp, of course) can be observed even with styrene, which shows a very strong tendency toward case 2 behavior under a wide range of reaction conditions [Brooks and Qureshi, 1976 Hawkett et al., 1980]. Seed polymerization... 

Maeda K, Teramura K, Masuda H, Takata T, Saito N, Inuoe Y, Domen K (2006) Efficient overall water splitting under visible-light irradiation on (Gai xZnx)(Ni xOx) dispersed with Rh-Cr mixed-oxide nanoparticles Effect of reaction condition on photocatalytic activity. J Phys Chem B 110, 13107-13112... 

This attractive protocol for the asymmetric addition of a, p-unsaturated esters to A-metalated azomethine ylides was further developed using C(2) symmetrical imidazoladine stereodirecting units in an extensive study into the effects of reaction conditions and substituent effects on the facial selectivity of the reaction (36). Both... 

The regioselective course of the Diels-Alder reaction in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The analysis failed to confirm the previously reported dramatic effect of reaction conditions on Diels-Alder regiochemistry. The results highlighted the importance of verifying phase behavior when sampling CO2 reaction mixtures and the utility of a view-cell reactor that allows direct monitoring of phase behavior (Ren-slo et al., 1997). 

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