Effect of frequency

O In-phase fatigue data 90° Out-of-phase fatigue data 

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On a 3-0 system the frequency variation is normally within limits, which according to lEC 60034-1 is 2% (Figure 1.6). The reason for keeping the frequency variation low is that it is not influenced by any condition outside the generating point, and at the generating point, it is maintained constant through automatic speed regulation of the prime mover (frequency is directly proportional to the speed, equation (1.6a)). The effect of frequency variation, however small, is discussed below ... 

The negligible effect of frequency on dielectric constant and power factor from 60 to 10 Hz is particular interest. It should, however, be noted that at 10 Hz the power factor may increase about four-fold. 

Figure 20.7. Effect of frequency on dielectric constant of bis-phenol A polycarbonate...

The effect of frequency and its amplitude upon vibrational stresses is of interest therefore, let... 

Fig. 8.67 Effect of frequency on corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour of Ti-6A1-4V in aqueous 0.6 M NaCl (after Pelloux )...

Pao, P. S., Wei, W. and Wei, R. P., Effect of frequency on fatigue crack growth response of AISl 4340 steel in water vapour , Proc. of Environment Sensitive Fracture of Engineering Materials, 24-26 Oct. 1977, Chicago, USA, The Metallurgical Society of the AIME, pp. 565-580 (1977)... 

Atkinson, J. D. and Lindley, T. C, The effect of frequency and temperature on environmentally assisted fatigue crack growth below in steels , Proc. The Influence of... 

Ondruschka B, Lifka J, Hoffmann J (2000) Aquasonolysis of ether Effect of frequency and acoustic power of ultrasound. Chem Eng Tech 23 588-592... 

Entezari MH, Kruss P (1996) Effect of frequency on sonochemical reactions n. Temperature and intensity effects. Ultrason Sonochem 3 19-24... 

Abe S, Choi P- K (2008) Effect of frequency on sonoluminescence spectrum from alkali-metal solutions. Nonlinear acoustics- Fundamentals and applications. AIP Confer Proc 22 189-192... 

Studies into the effect of frequency of milking on milk quality compared once-daily and twice-daily milking and showed that milk yield was significantly reduced and milk fat and protein concentrations were increased, with once-daily milking compared with twice-daily. Furthermore, casein concentrations in the milks were similar, but once-daily milk had higher whey protein content (O Brien et al., 2002). 

O Brien B, Ryan G, Meaney WJ, McDonagh D and Kelly A (2002), Effect of frequency of milking on yield, composition and processing quality of milk Journal of Dairy Research, 69, 367-374. 

Fig. 1.7 Effect of frequency and temperature on the complex dielectric permittivity (s is the real part and the imaginary part or the dielectric loss) [12].

Fig High-resolution NMR spectra of biophenolA polycarbonate in deutrochloroform solution showing the effect of frequency on resolution. 

Hua, I., Hoffmann, M. R., Sonochemical Production of Hydroxyl Radical and Hydrogen Peroxide The Effect of Frequency and Saturating Gas,Environmental Science and Technology, 31(8), pp. 2237-2243, 1997. 

One of the earliest reports on the effect of frequency was by Schmid and Poppe [29]. Working at a constant ultrasonic intensity of 1 W cm and irradiation frequencies of... 

Miyata and Nakashio [77] studied the effect of frequency and intensity on the thermally initiated (AIBN) bulk polymerisation of styrene and found that whilst the mechanism of polymerisation was not affected by the presence of ultrasound, the overall rate constant, k, decreased linearly with increase in the intensity whilst the average R.M.M. increased slightly. The decrease in the overall value of k they interpreted as being caused by either an increase in the termination reaction, specifically the termination rate constant, k, or a decrease in the initiator efficiency. The increase in kj(= kj /ri is the more reasonable in that ultrasound is known to reduce the viscosity of polymer solutions. This reduction in viscosity and consequent increase in Iq could account for our observed reductions [78] in initial rate of polymerisation of N-vinyl-pyrrolidone in water. However this explanation does not account for the large rate increase observed for the pure monomer system. 

Kage, H., Oba, M., Ishimatsu, H., Ogura, H. and Matsuno, Y., The effects of frequency and amplitude on the powder coating of fluidized particles in vibro-fluidized bed, /. Soc. Powder Tech. Japan, 33 (1996) 711-716. 

The increase in polymer deposition rate which occurs between 50 and 600 KHz is the most difficult feature of Fig. 10 to explain. It is conceivable that this increase is associated with an increase in the energy of the electrons striking the electrode acting as the anode. Such an increase could occur if the magnitude of the anode fall were to increase. Thus, here again it is suggested that the effect of frequency is associated with the rate at which surface free radicals are produced. 

Effect of Frequency-Dependence of Elastic Moduli on Dynamic Light Scattering. . 102... 

The effect of frequency on the SWV voltammograms of a two-electron electrochemical reaction is shown in Fig. 7.31 for different AEf1 values at T = 298 K. The responses for disc (solid line) and (hemi)spherical (dashed line) microelectrodes calculated from Eq. (7.65) are considered. 

Brown, J.H, M.A. Spetich, and R.B. Heiligmann (1989). Effects of frequency of chemical weed control on growth and quality of Christmas trees. North. J. Applied Forestry, 6(1) 15-17. 

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