Edge-on position

Figure 1.8 Semiorystalline polymer (PE) with arrangement of crystalline lamellae (clearly visible as bright bands in edge-on position) and interlamellar amorphous regions and lamellae interfaces (dark), and gray bands represent lamellae in a tilted or flat-on position (chemically stained UDS, TEM)...

Figure 1.69 Tilting series of the same area of an HOPE thin section in TEM tilting angle from 20° to -15° shows drastic changes in appearance of the lamellae lamellae with a sharp contrast (crystalline interior white with interfaces black) are in the edge-on position (left and right in the image at the top), becoming broader and disappearing after tilting...

Small radii can easily be realized in areas where demolding and reaction forces add together (e.g., upper edge on positive molds). Radii in areas where demolding and reaction forces work against each other should always be chosen as large as possible. 

Several levels of interpretation have been proposed in the literature [9,16-19]. The 00./ reflexions are attributed to diffraction by the sets of parallel c-planes tangent to the cylinders in the walls as seen edge on along the beam direction their positions are independent of the direction of incidence of the electron beam. 

Figure 7.14 Experimental set-up for atomic force microscopy. The sample is mounted on a piezoelectric scanner and can be positioned with a precision better than 0.01 nm in the x, y, and z direction. The tip is mounted on a flexible arm the cantilever. When the tip is attracted or repelled by the sample, the deflection of the cantilever/tip assembly is measured as follows. A laser beam is focussed at the end of the cantilever and reflected to two photodiodes, numbered 1 and 2. If the tip bends towards the surface, photodiode 2 receives more light than 1, and the difference in intensity between 1 and 2 is a measure of the deflection of the cantilever and thus of the force between the sample and the tip. With four photodiodes, one can also measure the sideways deflection of the tip, for example at an edge on the sample surface.

Fig. 4. Images of unfixed and unstained chromatin in a frozen and hydrated state. All samples shown contain linker histone H5. (A) Soluble chromatin prepared from chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Arrow indicates a nucleosome with a linker histone stem conformation. (B-E) Chromatin reconstituted onto an array of the 5S rDNA nucleosome positioning sequence. En face views (B-D) of nucleosomes show the linker DNA entering and exiting the nucleosome tangentially, before interacting and remaining associated for 3-5 nm before separating (arrows). An edge-on view (E) shows the two gyres of DNA (arrow heads) and the apposed linker DNA (arrow) (from Ref. [30]). Scale bar 20 nm (A) and 10 nm (B-E).

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