Ecosystem, value networks

Business ecosystem theory is closely related to the value network risk management consideration. A business ecosystem can be oirtlined as the enviromnent beyond the core business and the value network. Sometimes the term business ecosystem has been used more as a conceptualization or analogy to value networks. As defined by lansiti and Levien (2004), the business ecosystem can be seen as interdependencies between several business actors and the business environment in which they operate. 

The evolution of the business ecosystem provides a framework for considering the strategies and relationships in the value networks in terms of the business life-cycle. Here the business ecosystem characterizes the opportunity and risk environment which allow different value networks and core businesses to grow and co-evolve. According to Moore (1996), this co-evolution is defined as a... 

Extensive monitoring of the chemistry of precipitation is now available fi-om networks in both North America and Europe. Representative values of the major soluble species that account for most of the measured conductance of the samples at three United States sites are shown in (Table I) (77). It will be noted that the acidity, which is measured directly as pH, is due primarily to the presence of nitrate and sulphate ions that are not balanced by associated cations. While direct pH measurements are a valid measure of precipitation acidity, Reuss (18) has proposed that a balance of the principle ionic species, as in Equation 1 would provide a more appropriate definition of the acidity in relation to possible ecosystem responses. 

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