Earthworks

Laying and burying cable, including cable and earthworks (58 DM m ) DM 600... 

Connection of cable pipes by Thermit welding, field coating, including material and earthworks DM 700... 

Pipeline connection with reference electrode and pipe current test point, including material and earthworks DM 4500... 

Installation of an anode bed with 4 FeSi anodes in coke backfill, cable and connecting sleeves, including earthworks DM 6000... 

EN 13251, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures, 2001. 

Fortification. A structure or earthworks, usually heavily armed, constructed as a defense. Also — a fortified place or position Ref Glossary of Ordn (1959)s 122-L... 

Figure 7.9 Wool from Overton Down experimental earthwork recovered after 32 years of burial in a chalk environment inset SEM micrograph showing fungal attack. (Photo Experimental Earthworks Committee/R. C. Janaway. With permission.) (See color insert following p. 178.)...

The two most common natural textile fibers encountered in modern fabrics have contrasting responses to soil burial. Under most soil burial conditions cellulose will degrade rapidly whereas wool will decay at a slower rate. These phenomena are demonstrated by the degradation of textile fibers from the Experimental Earthworks Project (Janaway 1996a). Figures 7.9 and 7.10 compare wool and linen buried in the chalk environments at Overton Down for 32 years. The linen is denatured to the point that there is little surviving morphology, whereas the wool retained some fiber structure. 

Bell, M., Fowler, P. W., and Hilson, S. W. (Eds.) (1996). The Experimental Earthwork Project, 1960-1992. York, UK Council for British Archaeology Research Report 100, Council for British Archaeology. 

Lawson, T Hopkins, D. W Chudek, J. A., Janaway, R. C and Bell, M.G. (2000). Experimental earthwork at Wareham, Dorset after 33 years 3 Interaction of soil organisms with buried materials. /. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 273-285. 

From the beginning of modem times down to the World War, incendiaries w ere not extensively employed, as the introduction of firearms caused armies to engage in battle at such distances that they could not be effectively reached by incendiaries. Moreover, the defensive use of armor and later of earthworks left little of combustible material on the field of battle. So formidable were the technical difficulties created by these new conditions that the suceeasful use of incendiaries in w ar remained an unsolved problem until the advent of the World War, when the vast resources of modem science were utilised to effect a solution. So, w hile fire, has been considered of military value from antiquity, means for scientifically using it in warfare W ere not developed until the World War... 

Earthworks Pottery on Barbados has a selection of wheel-thrown pots, dishes, candleholders and vases. 

Impact rollers Wide range of moist and saturated soils Subgrade earthworks (except surface) Dry, cohesionless soils... 

The direct costs of the project, excluding engineering, earthwork, and dewatering, were over 0.5 million. The total soil volume grouted (almost 40,000 ft ) was completely excavated and mapped as an irrevocable proof of... 

Clay was commonly used for making pottery in prehistory. Silts are sometimes used in ceramics and are a basic component in building materials such as mud daub, mud bricks, adobe, and fired brick. Sods, soil, and other sediments were used in the construction of earthworks by prehistoric peoples for walls, tombs, and other monuments. For example, the early civilizations of China used rammed earth to build house foundations and enormous city walls. Silt was packed down in wood frames using heavy wooden rammers and layer after layer built up. Parts of the Great Wall of China were built using rammed earth more than 2,000 years ago and remain standing today. 

The soils and sediments that make up the earth s surface were the focus of human activities in the past as they are today. Human settlement is almost always found on sedimentary deposits. Humans dig and build and move these sediments around. They also leave physical and chemical traces of their activities in the ground. The physical traces are the visible remains of pits and posts, earthworks and foundations that remain. The chemical traces are the invisible deposits of elements and molecules left behind by various kinds of activities. Manuring, for example, leaves a... 

Simple Things You Can Do To Sa ve The Earth. Earthworks Press, Berkeley, CA, 1989, Some typical actions that a consumer can take. 

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