E-wave polarizers

Figure 5.3 Photoaligned dichroic azo-dye AD-1 [7]. Reproduced from W. C. Yip, H.-S. Kwok, V. M. Kozenkov, and V. G. Chigrinov, Photo-patterned e-wave polarizer. Displays 22, 27 (2001), Elsevier...

Here the sum runs over all possible initial states and the operator describes the interaction of the electrons and the radiation field with wave vector q and polarization A. In Eq. (1) it has been assumed that the detector selectively counts photo electrons with energy E, wave vector k, and spin polarization The corresponding final... 

Figure B3.5.3 The relation of ellipticity to the differential absorption of circularly polarized radiation. The oscillating radiation sine wave, 01, is proceeding out of the plane of the paper towards the viewer. (A) Plane-polarized radiation is made up of left- and right-handed circularly polarized components, OL and OR, respectively. Absorption by a chromophore in a nonchiral environment results in an equal reduction in intensity of each component, whose resultant is a vector oscillating only in the vertical plane—i.e., plane-polarized radiation. (B) Interaction of the radiation with achiral chromophore leads to unequal absorption, so that combination of the emerging vectors, OL and OR, leads to a resultant that describes an elliptical path as it progresses out of the plane of the paper. The ratio of the major and minor axes of the ellipse is expressed by tan 0, thus defining ellipticity. The major axis of the ellipse makes an angle (q) with the original plane, which defines the optical rotation. This figure thus demonstrates the close relation between optical rotation and circular dichroism.

Fig. 8.1 E vector of a wave polarized in the y-z plane and propagating in the z direction towards the observer.

At the surface of metals, the surface plasmon-polaritons, also called "surface plasmons," are not the same as the "bulk" plasmons these surface plasmons are affected (i.e., shifted slightly in energy) by monolayer adsorbates thus Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy yields information about the nature of the binding of the adsorbates onto a metal surface. The surface plasmons are excited by a p-polarized electromagnetic wave (polarized in the plane of the film) that crosses a glass medium (1), such as a prism, and is partially reflected by a metallic film (2) and back into the glass medium the dispersion relation is... 

Figure 11 To the medium under investigation is rigidly attached the laboratory Cartesian reference system x, y, z, whereas to the molecule under consideration is attached the Cartesian system of axes x, Xj, Xj. The static electric field E, which polarizes the medium non-linearly, acts along the z-axis. The light wave which serves for analysing the induced non-linearity propagates along y...

Figure 1.36 Resultant polarized light by vector addition of two plane-polarized light waves from a birefringent object, the ordinary (O) wave and extraordinary (E) wave. (Reproduced with permission from D.B. Murphy, Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging, Wiley-Liss. 2001 John Wiley Sons Inc.)...

Tompkin, W. R., Malcuit, M. S., Boyd, R. W., and Sipe, J. E. (1989). Polarization propenks of phase conjugation by degenerate four wave mixing in a medium of rigidly held sJyc nrok-cules. /. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 757-760. 

Summaries of the information content of EPR spectroscopic methods (in particular on nitroxide radicals) and the length scales of interest are given in Fig. 3. Focusing on one radical ( observer spin ), the standard method continuous wave (CW) EPR at any temperature and echo-detected (ED) EPR at low temperatures give valuable information on the fingerprint of the radical. This is mainly the electronic but can also be the geometric structure of the radical center. From CW EPR spectral analysis and/or simulations, rotational motion on the time scale 10 ps - 1 ps can be characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. Furthermore, in CW EPR, radicals also intrinsically report on their immediate (usually up to a few solvation layers, maximum up to 2 nm) chemical environment (e.g., polarity, proticity, etc.). 

A linearly polarized cw Argon laser operating at the 5145A line is electronically chopped to yield pulses of variable millisecond duration, is focused onto the nematic liquid crystal sample with its electric field polarization vector Ep parallel to the director axis Ho, i.e., an e-wave. The transmitted beam is reflected, focused back onto the sample, where it intersects the incident beam at a crossing angle in air of 3. The polarization of the reflected beam is rotated so that it is orthogonal to the polarization direction of the incident beam, i.e., an o-wave. 

An important example is known as Faraday rotation, which involves the rotation of the plane of polarization of a plane wave as it travels through the waveguide. A plane-polarized wave is equivalent to two circularly polarized waves, polarized in opposite senses (i.e., a right-polarized and a left-polarized component). Each component interacts very differently with the precessing spins and encounters different permeabilities, which affect the velocities of the two waves. The left component is retarded relative to the right, causing a clockwise rotation of the plane of polarization. 

In four kinds of polarization recording, and different polarization reading, the diffracted wave polarization states (DWPS) obtained in the experiments are shown in table 1 and the measured kinetic first order diffraction efficiency (DE) curves Tf-n t are shown in Fig.l5(a,c,d,e). From them the curves of the conditions when fc has same polarization state with /r were compared in Fig.lba. It can be seen that there exist an optimal exposure about 2x78.6mW/ cm2x3.75s =590 mj/ cm. ... 

We also mention the following interesting effect, which curs, e.g., in planar-homeotropic (hybrid) oriented LC s and is not directly related to nonlinear optical effects, ccording to (10), in the adiabatic approximation with 0, the polarization vector of the light wave transmitted f the cell will be rotated by 90 relative to the incident wave Dlarization. A wave with polarization e = incident in le ZvF plane will be an ordinary wave (o-wave) if it is inci- nt from the homeotropic wall (z = 0) and an e-wave if it is cident from the planar wall (z = ). 

The main results of our experiments were as follows. In a transmitted beam we observed the usual, for the PFT, aberration self-focusing rings. The polarization of these rings was linear and orthogonal to the incident polarization, i.e., it corresponded to the e wave in the liquid crystal. 

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