E. C. Bingham

By permission from Fluidity and Plasticity, by E.C. Bingham. Copyright 1922. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.)... 

L. J. Simon also studied the viscosity of nitric acid. W. Grunert found that the viscosities of mixtures of nitric acid and potassium nitrate at 20°, increase over the whole range of concentration examined. E. C. Bingham and S. B. Stone measured the fluidity of mixtures of soln. of nitric and sulphuric acids at 10°,... 

A. E. C. Bingham, Vapor-Pressure and Chemical Composition. Journal of American Chem. Society, 28, S. 7x7. 

E. C. Bingham, Fluidity and Plasticity, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1922. 

Cf, for general surveys E. C. Bingham, Plasticity and Fluidity, New York, 1922 E. Hatchek, The Viscosity of Liquids, London, 1928 R, Houwink, Elasticity, Plasticity and Structure of Matter, Cambridge, 1937 First and Second Report on Viscosity, Poy. Soc. Sci. Amsterdam, 1938 and 1939 H. Mark, The General Chemistry of High-polymeric Substances, Amsterdam, 1940 W. Philippoff, Die Viskositdt der Kolloide, Dresden, 1942. 

Sec E. C. Bingham, Fluidity and Plaslicily, New York 1922. K. Hatscliek, The Viscosity of Liquids London 1928. G. Barr, Viscosimetryj London 1931. First and Second Report on Viscosity, Amsterdam 1935 (1939) and 1938. Cf. also the monograph on Viscosity in this series. 

A plastic material is one that shows little or no deformation up to a certain level of stress. Above this yield stress the material flows readily. Plasticity is conunon to widely different materials. Many metals yield at strains less than 1%. Concentrated suspensions of solid particles in Newtonian liquids often show a yield stress followed by nearly Newtonian flow. These materials are called viscoplastic or Bingham plastics after E. C. Bingham, who first described paint in this way in 1916. House paint and food substances like margarine, mayonnaise, and ketchup are good examples of viscoplastic materials. 

E.C. Bingham and R.W. Wikoff. The flow of dry sand through capillary tubes. 

Also E. C. Bingham, Fluidity and plasticity. New York 1922 E. Hatschex, The viscosity of liquids, London, 1928 and especially in connection with colloid systems, W. Philippoff, Viskositdt der Kolloide, Dresden and Leipzig, 1942. 

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