Durham Rule

Believing that Scientists now generally agree that human behavior is caused rather than willed, Bazelon thinks he has solved the problem of justice all that is needed are more scientific facts about the defendant. In this New Jerusalem, justice is dispensed not with even-handed impartiality but with tender-hearted psychodynamic insight. What is usually required of the [psychiatric] experts, explains Bazelon, is a statement in simple terms of why the accused acted as he did—the psychodynamics of his behavior. . . Where it occurs, under the Durham rule [handed down by Bazelon], the accused may be seen as a sick person and confined to a hospital for treatment, not to a prison for punishment. This is just the point In the courtroom, the more we talk about the psychodynamics of the accused, the more we come to believe that he is a sick patient in need of treatment. The unacknowledged aim, and assuredly the practical effect, of this tactic is that the participation of persons other than the defendant in the crea-... 

To be sure, psychopathic personality is a broad and treacherous term. But is it any more treacherous, or uncertain of definition, than terms like mental illness or addiction The notion of mental illness, central to the Durham rule and favored by Fortas, is assuredly more treacherous and vague than the concept of homosexuality. Similarly, the notion of addiction central to... 

Monte Durham, a man charged with housebreaking, is acquitted as not guilty by reason of insanity, and confined in St. Elizabeths Hospital. His case sets legal precedent as the Durham rule The rule we now hold. .. is simply that an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect. ... 

Expert systems have been defined as any formal systems , which make predictions about the toxicity of chemicals. All expert systems for the prediction of toxicity are built on experimental data and/or rules derived from such data (Dearden 2003). The expert systems can be further divided into two subclasses based on the method of generating rules. The one method is a knowledge- or rule-based expert system, for which experts/toxicologists create rules based on a list of structural features that have been related to a specified toxicity (Durham and Pearl 2001). An example of a typical knowledge- or rule-based system is DEREK, which will be described later. 

DDT has been reported in the fat of Eskimos in the Arctic and in fish according to Durham (7), and in Weddell seals and Adelie penguins in the Antarctic according to George (8). In these remote areas any form of direct contamination is out of the question and we must turn to the sea and air for the source. Certainly the sea, or the life dwelling in it, is a prime suspect. We cannot, however, rule out air-borne contamination. Ice laid down in 1964 on Mt. Olympus, in the state of Washington, has been found to contain 0.3 p.p.b. of DDT [cited by Metcalf... 

M.K. Nawaz, The Meaning and Range of the Principk of Self-determination (Durham, NC Rule of Law Research Center, Duke University School of Law, 1965). 

This relationship was derived from the Gibbs-Durham relation [28] and from the phase rule [29], Neumann developed an empirical equation from contact angle data [27] that is known as equation of state ... 

Matley, I. M. (1989). Agricultural development. In E. AUworth (Ed.), Central Asia A century of Russian rule (pp. 266-308). Durham Duke University Press. 

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