Dual and Multiple Micellar Templating Approach

12 Small Solid Particles as Additional Templates to Micellar Templating 

Another family of synthesis strategies uses small solid particles as additional templates to micellar templating to create hierarchical pore structures. These small solid particles as additional templates consist of colloidal crystals, biomaterials, macroporous polymers, salts, and ice crystals. This combination of surfactant and small solid particles offers an efficient way for the generation of ordered and interconnected mesoporous-macroporous architectures, small solid particles creating macropores and surfactant micelles creating mesopores. 

Besides the biomaterials mentioned above, the cuttlebone [49] and chito-san [50] with unique structure have also been used as templates for the formation of hierarchically porous materials, which maintained the biological structure. Starch gel and dextran were also used to produce hierarchically sponge-like micro-, meso/macroporous monoliths of silicalite and meso/macro-porous metal oxides [51,52]. 

Macroporous Polymer Membranes, Inorganic Salts, and Ice Crystals 

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