Drowning wash

The nitroglycerin from the separator contains about 10% of its weight of dissolved acid (about 8% nitric and about 2% sulfuric). Most of this is removed by a drowning wash or prewash carried out, in Europe with water at about 15°, in this... 

Naphthalenol. 2-Naphthol or p-naphthol or 2-hydroxynaphthalene/7i3 -/5 -i7 melts at 122°C and boils at 295°C, and forms colorless crystals of characteristic, phenoHc odor which darken on exposure to air or light. 2-Naphthol [135-19-3] is manufactured by fusion of sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide at ca 325°C, acidification of the drowned fusion mass which is quenched ia water, isolation and water-washing of the 2-naphthalenol, and vacuum distillation and flaking of the product. A continuous process of this type has been patented (69). The high sulfate content ia the primary effluent from 2-naphthol production is greatiy reduced ia modem production plants by the recovery of sodium sulfate. 

After about 6 minutes all of the material is dissolved and the temp rises to 10°. Drown the mixt in 1.5ft of ice w and allow it to stand for 15 minutes. Collect the hardened, gummy material and w wash. Purify by dissolving in acet and crystg by adding ale to the soln. The yield varies between 67 and 86%... 

To 15g of the acet-methanol-eth washed and dried product is added 250ml of 100% nitric acid. The temp is maintained at 50—60° for 1 hr and then the acid soln is drowned In 2 liters of ice w to ppt the postnitrated polymer... 

Fifty g of pulverized 2,4,2 ,4 -TeNDPhA is added slowly with stirring, during one hr, to a mixt of 250g of nitric acid (sp gr 1.50) and 250g of sulfuric acid (sp gr 1.83). After all has been added the mixt is allowed to stand for 3 hrs at RT and then drowned in ice-water. The 2,4,6I2l,4l,61-HNDPhA is fiLtered off, washed thoroughly with w, dried in the air, redrystallized by dissolving in acet and precipitated with petr eth... 

McKay et al (Ref 8, pp 467-68) also showed that DPT can be used for prepn of a mixture of HMX and RDX. They added DPT to a stirred soln of AN in 99 6% nitric acid heated to 70-75° on a water bath. After 15 mins the mixt was drowned in ice-water, filtered and the ppt washed and dried. Its mp was between 187.5 189-5° and, accdg to thermal analysis by the mp compn diagram, it consisted of 30% HMX and 52% RDX... 

Washing of nitrocellulose Water Drowning Bath removal of acids... 

JJC. Hubbard, Nitrated p-Xylene Polymers , USP 2726217 (1955) CA50, 5292 (1956) [The inventor claims an expl compd which has a partial decompn temp of 220°, and an expl ign pt of 282°. It is sol in cyclohexanone. Prepn is affected by the portion-wise addn of 5g of 20 mesh p-xylene polymer to 200cc of 90% fuming nitric add so that the temp does not exceed 45-50°. Soln is said to occur in one hr, with stirring required for an addnl three hrs. The soln is then filtered and the filtrate drowned in ice-w. The resulting ppt is then w-washed and vac-dried at 70° to give the dinitrate. It is claimed to be a HE comparable to TNT with a friction sensy similar to that of RDX. It forms a brittle film from a 10% cyclohexanone soln]... 

The batch nitrator (1) is connected with a separator (2) and the drowning tank (3). The displacing acid tank (4) can produce a flow of nitroglycerine from the separator through the pipe (6) to the wash columns (7), (P) and (11). These columns... 

Nitroglycerine that escapes onto the floor or onto parts of the machinery, etc. should be removed by means of a sponge from which it is then extracted and rinsed under a stream of water into a special vessel for nitroglycerine waste. The spillage area should then be washed with water, by means of another sponge. If acid escapes the area should be covered with siliceous earth or with fine sand, and the whole removed by means of a shovel and drowned in a large amount of water. A copper or aluminium shovel is necessary in case nitroglycerine is present in the acid. 

Nitromannitol can be obtained by nitrating mannitol with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The method is inconvenient, however, since the reaction produces a thick crystalline mass and the nitration proceeds unevenly [8]. Generally therefore, mannitol is dissolved in a five-fold amount of nitric acid (d — 1.51) at a temperature below 0°C, which is maintained while a ten-fold quantity of sulphuric acid (d = 1.84) is added to the solution. Fine crystals of the product are precipitated which were separated on a vacuum filter. The product is slightly impure due to the presence of mannitol pentanitrate. The acid product is drowned quickly in cold water, filtered again, washed with cold water, neutralized by means of dilute sodium bicarbonate solution and once again washed with water. Nitromannitol is crystallized from alcohol, to which a stabilizer (diphenylamine) is added. 

Preparation of Dinitrobemene. A mixture of 25 grams of concentrated sulfuric acid (d. 1.84) and 15 grams of nitric acid (d. 1.52) is heated in an open flask in the boiling water bath in the hood, and 10 grams of nitrobenzene is added gradually during the course of half an hour. The mixture is cooled somewhatp and drowned in cold water. The dinitrobenzene separates as a solid. It is crushed with water, washed with water, and recrystallized from alcohol or from nitric acid. Dinitrobenzene crystallizes from nitric acid in beautiful needles which are practically colorless, m.p. 90°. 

NG layer flows over the high level pipeline to a primary washing tank (3). The spent acid is removed from below by a hydraulic system (4). Should any danger of decompn arise, it is possible to empty the contents of the nitrator or separator into the drowning tank (5). As the separator is emptied, the compressed air inlet valve should be opened simultaneously to mix the NG with the add again Refs 1) S. Raczynski, PolP 21648 (1935)... 

Help, he cries. Bile-green, stinking surface scum washes into his mouth. The smell of Limburger cheese and rotten eggs is everywhere. I m going to drown he says. He would have vomited if he had any substantial amount of food in his stomach. 

We drink water in many beverages, bathe in it, wash and clean ourselves in it, eat it as ice and breathe it in as its vapour. It forms part of the air, most of the sea and a considerable amount of the polar regions. It covers approximately three-quarters of the Earth s surface. It falls as rain, mist, fog, snow, hail, frost and ice. Our bodies are over 90 % composed of it and all the chemical reactions of the body depend upon it. Without it we would die - too much of it and we will drown. 

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