Drinking water remediation

The MCL for TCE (5 pg/L) has been determined to be a relevant and appropriate remediation level for the contaminated groundwater at this site because the groundwater is used as a source for drinking water. Based on the site-specific risk assessment, the MCL has been determined to be sufficiently protective as the aquifer remediation goal. 

From the 323 projects in U.S. EPA s MTBE Treatment Profiles dataset, 85 projects were identified where MTBE in groundwater was remediated using pump-and-treat along with 15 additional projects that treated MTBE in drinking water (collectively referred to as pump-and-treat projects). Information on the treatment of other oxygenates was reported for 20 of these 100 projects 16 projects reported TBA, 6 projects reported TAME, 2 projects reported ethanol, and 1 project reported DIPE as a contaminant in addition to MTBE. 

Aboveground Treatment Technologies Used at 70 Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Remediation and Drinking Water Treatment Projects... 

Fig. 32.2. Remediation of the aquifer shown in Figure 32.1, as the simulation continues. After water contaminated with Pb++ displaces half of the aquifer s pore volume, clean water is flushed through the aquifer until a total of 30 pore volumes have been replaced. Flushing attenuates Pb++ concentration in the groundwater (top), so that it gradually approaches drinking water standards (MCL, or Maximum Contamination Level), and slowly displaces most of the sorbed metal from the Fe(OH)3 surface, primarily from the weak surface sites.

The reaction front reaches the end of the aquifer in the simulation after somewhat less than three pore volumes have been displaced. At this point, the contaminant begins to pass out of the domain. Remediation of the aquifer, however, proceeds slowly, as shown in Figure 32.2. Even after 30 pore volumes have been flushed, some lead remains sorbed to weak sites in the aquifer sediments, and the Pb++ concentration in the groundwater remains above the limits sets as drinking water... 

The most cost-effective, technically feasible remediation procedures are not always in agreement with regulatory controls. Environmental regulations, by their very nature, must be applicable for a wide variety of settings and must protect the overall environment. In past years remediation standards were established as general numerical concentrations usually based on drinking water standards or other health-related criteria borrowed from related public health fields. This type of remediation was often generic, not site specific. 

NI0SH = National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NSPS = New Source Performance Standards ODW = Office of Drinking Water OERR = Office of Emergency and Remedial Response 0PP = Office of Pesticide Programs OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration 0SW = Office of Solid Waste OWRS = Office of Water Regulations and Standards PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit PSNS =... 

Aluminum is a metal which exists abundantly and widely in the earth and is commonly used in food packaging, antiperspirants, antiacid in digestion remedies, cosmetics and in beverages industries [2]. Aluminum sulfate is the most common aluminum-based coagulant used in purify water in many countries and it is found in most drinking water. WHO guidelines set its permissible level in drinking water at 200 ppb [3]. Upper levels can lead to serious problems such as Alzeheimer s disease. So, optimized preconcentration methods are required for the determination of trace amounts aluminum. 

In addition, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 set the groundwater standards the same as the drinking water standards for the purpose of necessary cleanup and remediation of an inactive hazardous waste disposal site. The 1986 amendments of the SDWA included additional elements to establish maximum contaminant-level goals (MCLGs) and national primary drinking water standards. The MCLGs must be set at a level at which... 

Richardson SD (1998) Drinking water disinfection by-products. In Meyers RA (ed) The encyclopedia of environmental analysis and remediation, vol 3. Wiley, New York, pp 1398-1421... 

At one time canned foods were a significant source of lead because of poor-quality solder joints in the cans. High-acid goods, such as tomatoes, would leach lead from the cans. Finally, contamination of drinking water with lead occurs primarily from lead solder joints or old fixtures and occasionally lead pipe was used to bring water to a home. As with many metals, lead was used in a number of remedies, some of which are still available and used by some ethnic groups. 

He studied silicosis ( miner s disease ) and concluded that it was the result of inhaling vapors in mines, not a kind of revenge inflicted by mountain spirits. He was the first to realize that goiter could be caused by minerals in drinking water, and he prepared and used a variety of new chemical remedies for the condition. In effect, he invented chemotherapy. 

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