Drag Reduction Evaluation

Most importantly for computational viscoelastic fluid mechanics, most of the charmel DNS calculations are not performed for a constant flux (which would have naturally resulted in a constant bulk Reynolds number) but for a constant pressure drop per unit length that results in a constant zero shear rate friction Reynolds number. These runs lead to substantial variations in the (instantaneous and average) bulk Reynolds number from which the drag reduction needs to be estimated. Knowing roughly the relationship between the friction and the average bulk Reynolds number for a Newtonian fluid (from the experimentally determined and DNS confirmed empirical relationships for the skin friction factor - see, for example. Ref [34]), one can extract such a relationship that also takes into account the already mentioned (in Section 1.2) shear thinning effect in association with viscoelastic results [78]. 

The final expression, relying on the average streamwise velocities uiv and uiv evaluated from the viscoelastic and the Newtonian simulations, respectively, at the same Rcxo, is given [78] as 

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Housiadas, K.D. and Beris, A.N. (2004) Characteristic scales and drag reduction evaluation in turbulent channel flow of nonconstant viscosity viscoelastic fluids. Phys. Fluids, 16, 1581-1586. 

The measurement of the heart dimensions allows to localize the effect of a drag on the activity of the heart. An ultrasonic technique is used for continuous measurement of left ventricular dimensions. Compounds are tested with potential anti-anginal activity due to the reduction of left ventricular diameter. The test is used to evaluate the influence of drugs on left ventricular external and internal diameter in anesthetized dogs. 

Hatoum, H.T. Hutchinson, R.A. Witte, K.W., et al. Evaluation of the contribution of clinical pharmacists Inpatient care and cost reduction. Drag Intell. Clin. Pharm. 1988, 22, 252-259. 

To evaluate impact of clinical RPh s intervention on antibiotic costs OA Pre/post None LOS, DCA Audit results 3 mo before and after intervention revealed 3498.40 reduction in drag costs ... 

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