Doublet, electric-charge

Using chemical or protonic doping, the electric charges on the polymer chains are compensated by counterion injection. In the case of protonic doping (essentially in polyaniline), the addition of protons does not change the overall number of electrons in the chain skeleton. But one of the two electrons of the nitrogen doublet become caught in the N—H bond, and then the effective number of electrons available for the tt system is modified. 

In Section 20-4 it was pointed out that the close similarity in properties of the neutron and the proton, except for electric charge, suggests that these two particles represent two aspects of the same particle, the nucleon. The nucleon may be said to have intrinsic electric charge -Hi and electric-charge vector i, which can have the component-Hi or—i in ordinary space, leading to the resultant electric charge +1 for the proton and 0 for the neutron. The proton and neutron can then be described as a charge doublet. 

For example, the brilliant observation that the electron should be seen not just as a particle charged with electric charge, but also as a carrier of an own magnetic moment , coupled with the Lewis interrogation, i.e., if the octet mle and of the doublet can be somehow reduced to a basic mle , i.e., by forming pairs of electrons - anticipated the fundamental concept of electronic spin and the Exclusion Principle (Pauh principle). 

Although the data (mostly from neutrino experiments) on the c—s coupling are not conclusive, the evidence suggests that it is also left-handed. The apparent connection between quarks and leptons is fascinating. Both sets of doublets are point-like s = 5 fermions their electric charges are quantized in a related way (Q, Q — 1 with Q = 0 for leptons and Q = for quarks) furthermore, the sum of the electric charges of all fermions (in a colour scheme) vanishes as required to cancel triangle anomalies (see Section 9.5.3). It should be noted, however, that serious questions arise if one tries to put the above quark-lepton connection on a quantitative... 

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