Double reading

Example If the shell-side coefficient of a unit is 25 Btu/hr (ft )(°F) and velocity in the shell is doubled, read the new shell-side coefficient, h as 36 (line a). If the tube-side coefficient is 25 and velocity is doubled, read the new tube coefficient, h, as 43.1 (line a). In other cases, pressure drop would increase by a factor of 4. Note This may be used in reverse for reduced flow. 

Measuring pipettes are essentially small burettes without stopcocks. As with burettes, the need for adequate drainage time cannot be ignored. Because of the double reading involved in the use of measuring pipettes and the additional manipulation required, they are neither as precise nor as accurate as transfer pipettes, but they are quite satisfactory for semiquantitative operations. 

Double reading without CAD taken from original clinical readings... 

Taylor and Potts performed a meta-analysis and found that independent double reading increases the number of cancers detected by 13%, whereas the recall rate increases by 31%. These numbers are comparable with what is found by the clinical CADe studies that used the sequential or cross-sectional method (9% increase in the number of cancers detected), with CADe having a lower increase in the recall rate (10%),... 

Although there is ambiguity in the published literature, we believe that CADe is adeast as effective as independent double reading. In spite of some of the early overly enthusiastic expectations for CADe, this somewhat modest performance is, in retrospect, not unexpected. 

Fig. 10.1. Flow chart shows decision tree for double reading in mammography screening. True positive interpretations may include all positive scores for cancers at baseline reading (1), cancers diagnosed at assessment only (2), or also including cancers with true positive scores dismissed at consensus (arbitration) meeting and presenting as interval or subsequent round cancers (3)...

One of the six conventional mammography units in the center was replaced by one Lorad Selenia FFDM (Hologic, Danbury, CT, USA). Six radiologists were involved in the image interpretation. The readers used a dedicated mammography workstation, and all the mammograms were double read. Computer-aided detection (CAD) was used for all FFDM examinations, but not for the SFM images. 

Independent double reading using a 5-point rating scale for probability of cancer was carried out, similar... 

Double reading with arbitration may detect about... 

Hofvind S, Geller BM, Rosenberg R, Skaane P Screening-detected breast cancers Discordant independent double reading in a population-based screening program. Radiology (in press)... 

This is in part compensated for through the procedure of double reading in breast mammography, a technique that has become standard in most countries known for having a "screening tradition such as in Europe. 

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