Doped physical properties

Among the alkali metals, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs and their alloys have been used as exohedral dopants for Cgo [25, 26], with one electron typically transferred per alkali metal dopant. Although the metal atom diffusion rates appear to be considerably lower, some success has also been achieved with the intercalation of alkaline earth dopants, such as Ca, Sr, and Ba [27, 28, 29], where two electrons per metal atom M are transferred to the Cgo molecules for low concentrations of metal atoms, and less than two electrons per alkaline earth ion for high metal atom concentrations. Since the alkaline earth ions are smaller than the corresponding alkali metals in the same row of the periodic table, the crystal structures formed with alkaline earth doping are often different from those for the alkali metal dopants. Except for the alkali metal and alkaline earth intercalation compounds, few intercalation compounds have been investigated for their physical properties. 

Fluorescent and Physical Properties of Neodymium-Doped Alkali Silicate and Germanate Glasses... 

So far we have considered only pure, one-component systems. When a solute dissolves in such a system, it produces a solution—a homogeneous mixture of two or more components—which can be solid, liquid, or gas. The solute affects the physical properties of the solvent. Solid solutions of solutes in metalloid and nonmetal solvents, such as silicon doped with a tiny amount of phosphorus as solute, exhibit electrical properties that make them the primary materials of the electronics industry (Section 3.13). When we spread salt on icy sidewalks, we are creating a mixture of salt and water that lowers the freezing point of water. If that temperature is lower than the ambient temperature, the ice melts. Gaseous solutions—which are more commonly regarded simply as mixtures—are used... 

Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals Synthesis, Characterization, Physical Properties, and Applications... 

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