Dopamine ephedrine effects

Shoaib M. (1998). Is dopamine important in nicotine dependence J Physiol Paris. 92(3-4) 229-33. Sieb JP, Engel AG. (1993). Ephedrine effects on neuromuscular transmission. Brain Res. 623(1) 167-71. 

Synergy of unwanted pharmacological effect ginseng and its products will inhibit the central nervous system (CNS) when they are applied with luminal, chloral hydrate, or ephedrine, which can increase the release of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the CNS thus inducing a hypertensive crisis if monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are given simultaneously. 

As drugs of mixed action, amphetamines activate adrenergic receptors and simultaneously release endogenic catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) from neurons of the brain and periphery. Sympathomimetic effects on the periphery are very similar to those of ephedrine. Amphetamine elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure and has weakly expressed, broncholytic action. These effects are more prolonged, yet less expressed, than with epinephrine. The distinctive feature of amphetamines is their psychostimulatory activity. Larger doses can cause hallucinations and mental conditions similar to paranoid schizophrenia. As a sympathomimetic, amphetamine is sometimes used for uterine inertia. Synonyms of amphetamine are phenamine and benzedrine. 

Correct answer = D. Reserpine blocks the uptake of norepinephrine into intracellular storage vesicles, resulting in depletion of norepinephrine and gradual decline in blood pressure. Phenylephrine is a pure vasoconstrictor and raises systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Dopamine raises systolic and diastolic blood pressures by stimulating the heart and (at high doses) causing vasoconstriction. Ephedrine raises systolic and diastolic blood pressures by vasoconstriction and cardiac stimulation. Norepinephrine has a pressor effect. 

Correct answer = D. MAO inhibitors and aspirin can be taken concurrently. Hypertensive crisis may result from use (concurrently or within 2 weeks) of MAO inhibitors and indirect sympathomimetic amines, such as ephedrine. Concomitant use of MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants may result in mutual enhancement of effects with the possibility of hyperpyrexia, hypertension, seizures and death. Tyramine-containing foods, such as aged cheeses and beer, may precipitate a hypertensive crisis because of the accumulation and release of stored catecholamines from nerve endings. MAO inhibitors may lead to an exaggerated response to dopamine. 

Figure 2.10 Amphetamine 30, methamphetamine 31, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine 32 (MDMA, ecstasy, XTC) are lipophilic compounds with good oral bioavailability they easily cross the blood-brain barrier to exert central nervous system effects. Dopamine 33, norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 34, and epinephrine (adrenaline) 35 are polar phenethylamines they have poor oral efficacy and do not pass the blood-brain barrier, producing only peripheral effects after intravenous application. Ephedrine 36 has intermediate lipophilicity besides its peripheral effects it also acts as a central stimulant. Although L-dopa 37 is even more polar than dopamine 33, it is orally active and crosses the blood-brain barrier by active transport mediated by the amino acid transporter.

Comprehensive reviews about the chemistry and pharmacology of ephedra and its use in sports and weight loss products have recently been published.The pharmacological effects of maHUANG are generally attributed to ephedrine, which include central nervous system (CNS) stimulation, peripheral vasoconstriction, elevation of blood pressure, bronchodilatation, cardiac stimulation, decrease of intestinal tone and motility, mydriasis, and tachycardia, among others (zhou). The central stimulant action of ephedrine appears to be mediated by /-adrenoceptors and not by dopamine receptors. ... 

Oxidation of the P-hydroxyl in ephedrine group gives rise to cathinone or methcathinone derivatives with psychostimulatory properties. Bupropion, used for the support of smoking cessation, is a tert.-butyl derivative and appears to act as a non-selective dopamine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. N,N-diethylcathinone, also called diethylpropion, has been used as an appetite suppressant but showed potentially neurotoxic side effects. 

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