Dominance/subordination

In the golden hamster, M. auratus, both dominant and subordinate males use the flank glands to communicate their social status to inhibit overt aggression during encounters (Ferris etal., 1987). However, they do not need their flank glands to develop dominant/subordinate relationships. 

Ferris, C. G., Axelson, J. F., Shinto, L. H., and Albers, H. E. (1987). Scent marking and the maintenance of dominant subordinate status in male golden hamsters. Physiological... 

Determinants of dominant-subordinate interactions in males of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea. Biology and Behavior 8 117-139. 

Chronic subordinate stress can be modeled using male tree shrews. This confrontational paradigm pits two male shrews against each other to establish a dominant-subordinate hierarchy as a result, the subordinate endures a stress-dependent chronic overdrive in sympathetic activation (56). Although the mechanisms are not clear, chronic subordinate stress correlates with decreased levels of a2A-AR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression (57). 

Grime, J.P. (1987). Dominant and subordinate components of plant communities -implications for succession, stability and diversity. In Colonisation, Succession and Stability, ed. A. Gray, P. Edwards and M. Crawley, pp. 413-28. Oxford Blackwells. 

The dominant alteration minerals at the deeper part of the well include anhydrite, epidote, sericite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, zeolites (mordenite, clinoptilorite), chlorite and sericite/smectite interstratified clay mineral with subordinate amounts of kaolinite in the shallower part (Imai et al., 1996). 

Rawleigh J.M., Kemble E.D. and Ostrem J. (1993) Differential effects of prior dominance or subordination experience on conspecific odor preferences in mice. Physiol Behav 54, 35-39. 

Deer s hooves also contain scent-producing glands in small pockets between the primary digits on all four feet. As a deer moves about, a bit of a secretion from these glands is left behind in its footprints. Some components differ in concentration between dominant and subordinate animals, again pointing to communication of social position, but the secretion very likely is a trail marker as well. When deer track one another or backtrack over their own... 

In a more comprehensive study, 46 constituents were identified in the interdigital secretion of the white-tailed deer, 0. virginianus [129]. Only relatively volatile compounds up to methyl salicylate were identified in the secretion, because samples for GC-MS analysis were enriched from the headspace gas of the secretion collected on cotton swabs. Some variations in the relative concentrations of the compounds between the secretions from dominant and subordinate animals were observed, but it was not possible to conclude definitely whether these differences were related to age or dominance. 

Common to urine of dominant and subordinate males Exclusively in urine of subordinate males Exclusively in urine of dominant males... 

The steric influence of the enolate substituents Ri and Rj plays a dominant role in the alteration of kinetic stereoselectivity, whereas the aldehyde ligand appears to contribute to a minor extent. Good correlation between enolate geometry and aldol stereochemistry is possible when Rj is sterically demanding and Rj.is sterically subordinate (Rj = methyl or n-alkyl). In this case dominant path A stereoselection is observed. When R2 becomes sterically demanding (R2 = t-Bu) path B stereoselection is observed and becomes dominant. 

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