Domains Ductility

The other striking feature of nanotubes is their extreme stiffness and mechanical strength. Such tubes can be bent to small radii and eventually buckled into extreme shapes which in any other material would be irreversible, but here are still in the elastic domain. This phenomenon has been both imaged by electron microscopy and simulated by molecular dynamics by lijima et al. (1996). Brittle and ductile behaviour of nanotubes in tension is examined by simulation (because of the impossibility of testing directly) by Nardelli et al. (1998). Hopes of exploiting the remarkable strength of nanotubes may be defeated by the difficulty of joining them to each other and to any other material. 

R.W Cahn, Antiphase domains, disordered films and the ductility of ordered alloys based on Ni3 Al, Mai. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 81 27 (1987)... 

Most acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene terpolymer (ABS) is produced as a graft of SAN onto a butadiene polymer backbone. This graft copolymer may be blended with more SAN or acrylonitrile elastomer (NBR) to improve its properties. ABS is more ductile than SAN. The Tt and the heat deflection temperature of ABS vary with the composition, and ABS may have one set of values for the PBD domains and another set for the SAN matrix. The permeabilities of ABS to oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are much less than those of hope. 

Time and energy can be saved if one recognizes that there is only one qualitative difference between a linear and a tridimensional polymer the existence in the former and the absence in the latter of a liquid state (at a macroscopic scale). For the rest, both families display the same type of boundaries in a time-temperature map (Fig. 10.1). Three domains are characterized by (I) a glassy/brittle behavior (I), (II), a glassy/ductile behavior, and (III) a rubbery behavior. The properties in domain I are practically... 

Figure 10.1 Time-temperature map. Shape of main boundaries for linear or network polymers. (I) Glassy brittle domain B, ductile-brittle transition. (II) Glassy ductile domain G, glass transition. (Ill) Rubbery domain. The location of the boundaries depends on the polymer structure but their shape is always the same. Typical limits for coordinates are 0-700 K for temperature and 10-3 s. (fast impact) to 1010 s e.g., 30 years static loading in civil engineering or building structures. Fpr dynamic loading, t would be the reciprocal of frequency. For monotone loading, it could be the reciprocal of strain rate s = dl/ Idt.

At higher temperatures, the failure occurs with yielding, which is now the predominant deformation mechanism. From an experimental point of view, domains define what is called the ductile-brittle transition temperature, TB, which is a very important characteristic for polymers. The ductile-brittle transition is also associated with a stiffness-toughness balance. Note that it is also possible to determine a ductile-brittle strain rate transition varying k at a given temperature. 

In the domain where the material is ductile or semiductile, the yield stress glass transition temperature Tg by... 

Two families of transparent polycarbonate-silicone multiblock polymers based on the polycarbonates of bisphenol acetone (BPA) and bisphenol fluorenone (BPF) were synthesized. Incorporation of a 25% silicone block in BPA polycarbonate lowers by 100°C the ductile-brittle transition temperature of notched specimens at all strain rates silicone block incorporation also converts BPF polycarbonate into a ductile plastic. At the ductile-brittle transition two competing failure modes are balanced—shear yielding and craze fracture. The yield stress in each family decreases with silicone content. The ability of rubber to sustain hydrostatic stress appears responsible for the fact that craze resistance is not lowered in proportion to shear resistance. Thus, the shear biasing effects of rubber domains should be a general toughening mechanism applicable to many plastics. 

Thus the combination of pre-orientation to suppress crazing and to reduce the natural draw ratio and rubber block introduction to bias the deformation response toward yielding has converted a brittle polymer to a moderately ductile one. Although the BPFC domain Tg has been reduced by roughly 30 °C, the improved balance of mechanical properties makes this sacrifice worthwhile. 

Farley, 2000 Reiners and Farley, 1999, 2001), but this relationship breaks down in samples subjected to intensive ductile or brittle deformation (e.g., Amaud and Eide, 2000 Kramar et al, 2001 Mulch et al, 2002). In general, it seems prudent to assume that a is related to the physical grain size when applying Equations (17) and (19) unless samples show textural evidence for the extensive development of subgrain boundaries that may act as fast diffusion pathways, or— in the case of K-feldspar— show direct evidence of the existence of multiple diffusion domains during incremental heating experiments. 

Fig. 8. Potential-temperature diagram showing domains of IGSCC and ductile failure in sensitized Type 304SS in 0.01 m Na2S04 as determined using CERTs at an extension rate of 10 s [29]. Reproduced from Proc. 9th Int. Congr. Met. Corros., Vol. 2, pp. 185-201 (1984) by permission of the National Research Council of Canada.

In a metallic crystal, the latticework of the atoms is botmd together by a sea of electrons. Each atom—or, more accurately, each nucleus—occupies a position within a crystalline lattice. The electrons, on the other hand, move among all of the available atoms in a series of conduction bands. The net result is that even in an amorphous state metals readily conduct electricity and heat, they are ductile and malleable, and they exhibit the luster seen on metallic surfaces. In the crystalline form, metals can do all of the above and exhibit other properties such as magnetism (which reqtiires ordered crystalline domains), see also Glass Salt. 

---