Divergent resolution

The divergent shape of the beam provides facilities for magnification in the distances of the source to detector and of the sources to the axis of rotation, which used in conjunction with a microfocus x-ray source opens the way to high resolution. 

Typically specimens for reflectivity measurements are prepared on flat, smooth, rigid substrates. For example, these substrates can be polished fused silica, quartz, or silicon. It is important, however, that the substrates be thick to avoid distonions of the specimen when mounted in the reflectometer. Any curvature or bowing will increase the divergence of the incident beam and result in a deterioration of the resolution. 

The fragment recoil velocity resolution depends on the divergence of the molecular beam, molecular beam velocity distribution in the direction of the molecular beam axis, and the distance of fragments expanded in the velocity axis of the two-dimensional detector. If the divergence of the molecular beam is small and the fragment recoil velocity is much larger than the velocity difference of parent molecules, the recoil velocity resolution can be simply expressed as AV/V = s/L, where L is the length of expansion of... 

To test the feasibility of obtaining submicron size patterns in the resist films, an exposure source was used which consisted of the X-ray continuous spectrum produced by synchrotron radiation from the 5 0 MeV storage ring of the University of Orsay (ACO) since synchrotron radiation had been shown previously (2.,8.) to be a suitable source for providing very high resolution due to the small divergence of the beam. The maximum output flux of ACO... 

Model results in seawater are in good agreement with observational data of PFOA. Most differences can be attpageributed to deficiencies of the emission scenario. Despite this fact, the difference between model results and observational data are due to the limited horizontal and process resolution and the fact that the physical parameters of the model (temperature, surface pressure, vorticity or divergence of the wind velocity field) were not relaxed to observational data. Regarding these limitations, in particular individual vertical profiles compare quite well with observations. This study underlines the importance of the ocean as a transport medium of PFOA. The contribution of volatile precursor substances to long-range transport needs to be assessed. 

Figure 2.4 shows the elements of a high resolution diffractometer. The beam conditioner controls the divergence and wavelength spread of the beam by a combination of diffracting elements and angular-limiting apertures. The latter may also control the spatial width of the beam. This falls upon a specimen,... 

An approximate calculation for the differences in optical retardation for the central and the extreme ray of a beam-path which is diverging as it travels through the FTIR modulator, separated by a half-angle (in radians) of a, shows that the maximum allowable value of a to achieve a required resolution Av at a wavenumber of is ... 

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