Distribution, non-uniformity

Water returns to the atmosphere via evaporation from the oceans and evapotranspiration from the land surface. Like precipitation, evaporation is largest over the oceans (88% of total) and is distributed non-uniformly around the globe. Evaporation requires a large input of energy to overcome the latent heat of vaporization, so global patterns are similar to radiation balance and temperature distributions, though anomalous local maxima and minima occur due to the effects of wind and water availability. 

Dependence of results from the prior-prejudice distribution. Non-uniform prior-prejudice distributions (NUP for short in what follows) were initially introduced by Jauch and Palmer by centering 3D Gaussian functions at the nuclear positions [29]. They found that the low-density regions of the crystal changed significantly upon introduction of the NUP, but the uneven distribution of errors persisted. 

It has long been recognised that metabolites, and metabolic activities, are distributed non-uniformly within cells. Such compartmentation is undoubtedly an important aspect of metabolic regulation. The accurate quantitation of metabolite levels in various intracellular compartments represents a major stumbling block in the study of metabolic regulation. There are two aspects to the study of metabolite compartmentation by in vivo NMR. The first, and most problematic, is the assignment of resonances to specific intracellular compartments we focus on this aspect here. The second is the use of NMR spectroscopic parameters (e.g., intensity, chemical shift) to monitor conditions (e.g., pH, concentrations, fluxes) within specific compartments, using methods outlined in other sections of this chapter. 

Note that the period of vertical stirring of the atmosphere is ss80 days [4]. Thus, those trace gases whose residence time is less than 80 days are distributed non-uniformly in the atmosphere. Examples of such gases are CO, NO., NH3, SO2, etc. In the vicinity of their sources their concentrations and the removal (supply) rates may be higher than the values shown in Table 1. 

CdTe devices have achieved 16.7% efficiency in the laboratory [6], whereas CIGS cells have reached 20.0% [7]. The most efficient CIGS devices contain around 30% Ga distributed non-uniformly through the film, with higher concentrations preferred at the front and back of the layer. Kesterites are emerging as suitable In-free materials for absorber layers, but current understanding of the factors that... 

The photoinitiator is distributed non-uniformly between MPPh and PMPh, but is in equilibrium, i.e., in accordance with the law of partitioning between the two phases. Since PMPh is rather viscous, the effects of mixing inside of micrograins can be neglected, that is why the concentration of photoinitiator will be a variable that depends on the radius of micrograins. 

The addition or subtraction of an electron makes the distribution non-uniform (Fig. 4.3d-e). Also in six r-electron hexatriene molecules, uniform electron density is out of the question (Fig. 4.3b). Note that the maxima of the density coincide with the double bonds chemists like to write down. However, even in this molecule, there is still a certain equalization of bonds, since the TT electrons are also where chemists write a single bond (although the tt electron density is smaller over there ). 

Figure 7. /4 Matrix stress as affected by fibre distribution non-uniformity,for Vf = I % [31 ]. Table 1.3 Pull-out bond stresses for fibres with different diameters [39]...

The gel content is determined indirectly from the amount of soluble fraction and directly by weighing the dried gel. Examples of the reproducibility of the data by round-robin tests are given for two SBR copolymers and three NBRs of 0 to 85 % gel content. For the zero sample the standard deviation is as high as 100% indicating that a very small amount of gel may be distributed non-uniformly. The standard deviations for 50-85% gel samples are at most a few per cent. 

---