Distributed hosts, integration

Information integration also occurs at the database servers in a distributed system. Here too, adherence to standards, for example, standards for data models and query processing, is critical for providing integrated apphcations. Problems that are solved at the server are discussed in the later section on information integration at distributed hosts. 

The majority of Fur-regulated gene products are involved in iron uptake. Genes for transport and biosynthesis of enterobactin have been studied in E. coli K-12 (Earhart, 1996). It is assumed that this system is found in nearly every E. coli strain. Also the ferrichrome transport system seems to have a very broad distribution. The ferric citrate transport system (fee), however, is only present in some E. coli strains and may be part of a pathogenicity island. The aerobactin and yersiniabactin biosynthesis and transport systems are not found in all E. coli strains and are integrated into pathogenicity islands (Schubert et al., 1999). The ability to utilize haem seems also to be a specific pathogenicity-related adaptation. Haem transport systems are used in the animal or human host, where transferrin and lactoferrin create an iron-poor environment for bacteria. 

Manam, S., Ledwith, B.J., Bamum, A.B., Troilo, P.J., Pauley, C.J., Harper, L.B. et al. (2000) Plasmid DNA vaccines Tissue distribution and effects of DNA sequence, anjuvants and delivery methods on integration into host DNA. Intervirology, 43, 273-281. 

Recently, the integration of actuators into structures has also been researched. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)-based actuators can be embedded into composites in the form of large diameter, plastically deformed wires. SMA are nickel/titanium alloys with a surprising property if plastically deformed at a low temperature (in a martensitic phase), they can recover the original shape and dimensions though heating above a definite temperature. When SMA are embedded and then heated, the restraints on free deformation imposed by the host composite originate a distributed stress which deforms the structure or modifies its vibrational response. 

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