Dissolved inorganic predicted rates

Soils are composed of inorganic and organic minerals with surfaces possessing sites capable of producing chemical or physical bonds with compounds or minerals dissolved in water (see Chapter 3). These solute-mineral surface reactions regulate the potential of chemicals in the soil-water environment to become mobile. Such chemicals include plant nutrients, pesticides, and/or other synthetic organics making up soil-water pollutants. The potential of chemical species to move in the soil-water system depends on the potential of soil to conduct water and on the potential of solution minerals to react with soil minerals. In the case of a nonreactive chemical species (nonreactive solute), its mobility in the soil system will be equal to that of water. However, the mobility of a reactive solute would be less than that of water. The rate of downward movement of a chemical species (e.g., a monovalent cation X+) can be predicted by the equation... 

The carbon content of the oceans is more than 50 times greater than that of the atmosphere. Over 95% of the oceanic carbon is in the form of inorganic dissolved species, bicarbonate (HCOj) and carbonate (CO3-) ions the remainder exists in various forms of organic carbon (Druffel et al. 1992). Oceanic uptake of C02 involves three steps (1) transfer of C02 across the air-sea interface, (2) chemical interaction of dissolved C02 with seawater constituents, and (3) transport to the deeper ocean by vertical mixing processes. Steps 2 and 3 are the rate-determining processes in the overall transfer of C02 from the atmosphere to the ocean, and oceanic transport and mixing processes are the primary uncertainties in predicting the rate of oceanic uptake of C02. 

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