Displacement magnetic

In the above, E, D, H, B, Jt represent the electric field, electric displacement, magnetic field, magnetic induction, and free current density vectors respectively c is the velocity of light. Form the scalar product of (1.7.1a) with H and of (1.7.1b) with E and subtract to find... 

Quadrupoie. Quadrupoie mass spectrometers, sometimes known as quadrupoie mass filters (QMF), are currently the most widely used mass spectrometers, having displaced magnetic sector mass spectrometers as the standard instrument. Although these instruments lag behind magnetic sector instruments in terms of sensitivity, upper mass range, resolution, and mass accuracy, they offer an attractive and practical mix of features that accounts for their popularity, including ease of use, flexibility, adequate performance for most applications, relatively low cost, non-critical site requirements, and highly developed software systems. 

Another important application area is the non-destructive defectoscopy of electronic components. Fig.2a shows an X-ray shadow image of a SMC LED. The 3-dimensional displacement of internal parts can only be visualized non-destructively in the tomographic reconstmction. Reconstructed cross sections through this LED are shown in Fig.2b. In the same way most electronic components in plastic and thin metal cases can be visualized. Even small electronic assemblies like hybrid ICs, magnetic heads, microphones, ABS-sensors can be tested by microtomograpical methods. 

The displacement of a spin can be encoded in a manner very similar to that used for the phase encoding of spatial infonnation [28, 29 and 30]. Consider a spin j with position /-(t) moving in a magnetic field gradient G. The accumulated phase, cpj, of the spin at time t is given by... 

This is the factor by which the echo magnetization is attenuated as a result of difhision. More elaborate calculations, which account for phase displacements due to difhision occurring during the application of the gradient pulses yield... 

The output signal from positive-displacement meters may be mechanical, where the motion is transmitted by an output shaft through a housing seal, or it may be magnetically or inductively coupled. 

The principal classes of flow-measuring instruments used in the process industries are variable-head, variaBle-area, positive-displacement, and turbine instruments, mass flowmeters, vortex-shedding and iiltrasonic flowmeters, magnetic flowmeters, and more recently, Coriohs mass flowmeters. Head meters are covered in more detail in Sec. 5. 

Since acceleration is the second derivative of displacement, a piezoelectric accelerometer sensor with an integrator becomes a velocity transducer. This arrangement is gradually superseding the self-generating mo ing-coil velocity sensor (where a coil of wire moves relative to a magnetic field). 

Numerous AFM imaging techniques have been developed and commercialized to monitor topography, friction, mechanical response, capacitance, magnetic properties, etc. However, adhesion measurements require the tip to come into, and out of, contact to measure attractive and adhesion forces. Therefore, other than to select an analysis region, most imaging techniques are not useful for adhesion studies. Instead, measurements are necessarily based on force-displacement curve approaches. 

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