Discrete-vortex simulation

The most widely adopted method for the turbulent flow analysis is based on time-averaged equations using the Reynolds decomposition concept. In the following, we discuss the Reynolds decomposition and time-averaging method. There are other methods such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and discrete-vortex simulation (DVS) that are being developed and are not included here. 

To analyze the individual heat transfer kinetics of droplet clusters within the spray of twin-fluid atomizers, the local correlations between the droplet concentration and the heat and flow conditions are evaluated. Numerical simulations of the spray flow analyzed in this paper have been carried out with Large-Eddy-Simulation (LES) models with Lagrangian particle tracking (discrete particle method) for the droplet motion. A synthetic perturbation generator [30] for the inflow conditions for the gas flow and simple perturbations are added to the dispersed phase to induce realistic vortex patterns at the nozzle and in the consequent spray. 

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