Dipoles electrodynamics

As previously mentioned, electrodynamic interactions, such as those arising from London forces, can also contribute to the adhesion of particles. These forces are dominated by dipole interactions and are broadly lumped into the classification known as van der Waals interactions. A more detailed description of van der Waals interactions than can be presented in this article is given in books by Israelachvili [95] and by Rimai and Quesnel [96]. 

A fourth possibility is electrodynamic bonding. This arises because atoms and molecules are not static, but are dynamically polarizable into dipoles. Each dipole oscillates, sending out an electromagnetic field which interacts with other nearby dipoles causing them to oscillate. As the dipoles exchange electro-magnetic energy (photons), they attract one another (London, 1937). 

To obtain a clear understanding of electrodynamic bonding, start with the field of a static electric dipole. Then, let the dipole oscillate so it emits electromagnetic waves (photons). Consider what happens when the emitted field envelopes another dipole (London, 1937). Finally, determine the factors that convert neutral molecules into dipoles (that is, their polarizabilities). 

Klimov, V., Sekatskii, S. K. and Dietler, G. (2004). Coherent fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two dipoles Full quantum electrodynamics approach. J. Mod. Opt. 51, 1919 -7. 

Furthermore, as mentioned above the screening of the dipole field by the conduction electrons can be represented by an image dipole inside the metal. This complex of the chemisorbed molecule and its image has a vibration frequency different from that of the free molecule. The electrodynamic interaction between a dipole and its image has been discussed in many works. The theoretical problem is that the calculated frequency shift is extremely sensitive to the position of the image plane (Fig. 3a). One can with reasonable parameter values obtain a downward frequency shift of the order of 5-50 cm S but the latest work indicates that the shift due to this interaction is rather small. 

The sign of this contribution may easily be understood from purely classical considerations, if one thinks about the magnetic dipoles in the context of the Ampere hypothesis about small loops of current. According to classical electrodynamics parallel currents attract each other and antiparallel ones repel. Hence, it is clear that the state with antiparallel magnetic moments (parallel spins) should have a higher energy than the state with antiparallel spins and parallel magnetic moments. 

Though the ESR Hamiltonian is typically expressed in terms of effective electronic and nuclear spins, it can, of course, also be derived from the more fundamental Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian, when the magnetic fields produced by the moving nuclei are explicitly taken into account. In order to see this, we shall recall that in classical electrodynamics the magnetic dipole equation can be derived in a multipole expansion of the current density. For the lowest order term the expansion yields (59)... 

The broken symmetry of a dipole in its vacuum flux exchange has been known in particle physics since the late 1950s. In classical electrodynamics (CEM) the active vacuum and its exchange are omitted altogether, even though experimentally established for many years. As Lee also pointed out, there can be no symmetry of any observable system anyway, unless the vacuum interaction is included. 

We may take a tiny piece of the observable charge, coupled with a nearby virtual charge of opposite sign during its existence, and consider the pair to be a dipole in a special composite (coherent virtual and observable) sense. So the unit point charge often used in electrodynamics to interact with the fields and potentials—and erroneously define them as their own reaction cross sections—is not really a point charge at all but is a set of composite dipoles. Further, it occupies the neighborhood of a point rather than a point. 

Implications of the Arbitrarily Curtailed Electrodynamics Model 1. Particle Physics, Including Dipole Symmetry Some Overlooked Principles in Electrodynamics Work-Energy Theorem in a Replenishing Potential Environment The Extended Principles Permit COP >1.0 Electrical Power Systems Patenting and Discovery Activity Results of the Research Three Important Principles and Mechanisms... 

A broken 3-space symmetry exists of a magnetic dipole [18] of a permanent magnet, well known in particle physics since 1957 but inexplicably not yet added into classical electrodynamics theory, wherein the broken symmetry of the magnetic dipole rigorously requires that the dipole continually absorb magnetic energy from the active vacuum in unusable form, and that the... 

Very little is known about the irreducible ternary dipole components. An early estimate based on classical electrodynamics, hard-sphere interaction and other simplifying assumptions suggests very small, negative contributions to the zeroth spectral moment [402], namely —0.13 x 10-10 cm-1 amagat-3. 

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