Dipeptide, deprotection

To complete the synthesis, it is necessary only to remove the protecting groups. The BOC group is removed by treatment with aqueous acid. This reaction occurs under very mild conditions that do not also hydrolyze the ester group. Note that this dipeptide, deprotected at the N-terminal, can be reacted with another N-protected, carboxyl-activated amino acid to produce a tripeptide. These steps can be repeated to produce a tetrapeptide, and so on. 

Spirapril (37) is a clinically active antihypertensive agent closely related structurally and mechanistically to enalapril. Various syntheses are reported with the synthesis of the substituted proline portion being the key to the methods. This is prepared fkim l-carbobenzyloxy-4-oxopro-line methyl ester (33) by reaction with ethanedithiol and catalytic tosic acid. The product (34) is deprotected with 20% HBr to methyl l,4-dithia-7-azospiro[4.4 nonane-8-carboxylate (35), Condensation of this with N-carbobenzyloxy-L-alanyl-N-hydroxysuccinate leads to the dipeptide ester which is deblocked to 36 by hydrolysis with NaOH and then treatment with 20% HBr. The conclusion of the synthesis of spirapril (37) follows with the standard reductive alkylation [11]. 

Pd°-catalyzed deprotection of S-palmitoylated dipeptide 9 yielded the corresponding selectively deprotected peptide 10. Condensation of 10 with farnesylated pentapeptide 15, which was readily accessible via the Aloe methodology1201 as depicted in Scheme 10 and alternatively using AcOZ1111 as the protecting group, resulted in the formation of target peptide 16.17251... 

Once it is part of a cyclic dipeptide, the prolyl residue becomes susceptible to enantiomerization by base (see Section 7.22). The implication of the tendency of dipeptide esters to form piperazine-2,5-diones is that their amino groups cannot be left unprotonated for any length of time. The problem arises during neutralization after acidolysis of a Boc-dipeptide ester and after removal of an Fmoc group from an Fmoc-dipeptide ester by piperidine or other secondary amine. The problem is so severe with proline that a synthesis involving deprotection of Fmoc-Lys(Z)-Pro-OBzl produced only the cyclic dipeptide and no linear tripeptide. The problem surfaces in solid-phase synthesis after incorporation of the second residue of a chain that is bound to the support by a benzyl-ester type linkage. There is also the added difficulty that hydroxymethyl groups are liberated, and they can be the source of other side reactions. 

The traditional method for preparing activated esters of A -protected dipeptides is combination of the A-protected amino acid with the amino acid ester (Figure 7.16). The latter is obtained by A-deprotection of the diprotected amino acid in an acidic milieu. Coupling is achievable using the carbodiimide, mixed-anhydride, and acyl-azide methods. Success with this approach indicates that the esterified residues react preferentially with the other derivatives and not among themselves. The chain cannot be extended to the protected tripeptide ester because the dipeptide ester cyclizes too... 

Alternatively to using prelipidated building blocks palmitoylation on resin is possible with the hydrazine linker. In Scheme 27 the synthesis route for the palmitoylated and farnesylated N-Ras peptide 78 is shown. Here the initial loading of trityl-protected cysteine to the hydrazine linker was mediated by A,A-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIG) and HOBt. After Fmoc removal the proline was coupled using HBTU and HOBt. The trityl-protected dipeptide 75 was subsequently S-deprotected using TFA with triethylsilane (TES) as a scavenger. Farnesylation of the free thiol was achieved with an excess of farnesyl bromide. 

Intramolecular cyclization DKP formation through intramolecular cyclization of the Nj—C2 bond is an efficient route to ring closure and the construction of these head-to-tail dipeptides involves the coupling of an N-protected a-amino acid to an a-amino ester, followed by N-deprotection and cyclization. " ... 

The hexahydropyrazinones 179 were subjected to further peptide coupling with various AT-protected amino acids, deprotection and repeated cyclization to give bicyclic dipeptides with a spirocyclopropaneoctahydropyrazinopyrazine skeleton of type 182 (Scheme 54). Compounds of the types 182 and 179 represent potentially useful classes of geometrically defined peptidomimetics. For example, the skeleton of 179 has been found in the hydrolysis products of the naturally occurring lysomarasmine [90]. 

More recently, Aitken and coworkers described a short and convergent formal total synthesis of cyclotheonamide C using a process that involves a Passerini reaction, amine deprotection, and an acyl migration (PADAM sequence. Scheme 22) [90]. The key linear pentapeptide 22e is obtained by a Passerini reaction of isocyanide a, Fmoc-amino aldehyde b, and Boc-dipeptide acid e followed by Fmoc removal and consequently 0,N-acyl migration [91]. The macrocyclization was achieved with TBTU and HOBt after Boc and fBu removal in good yield (52%) to furnish intermediate f. 

Piperazine-2,5-diones can be symmetric or asymmetric. Symmetric DKPs are readily obtained by heating amino acid esters,1179-181 whereas asymmetric DKPs are obtained directly from the related dipeptides under basic or, more properly, acid catalysis, or by cyclocondensation of dipeptide esters.1182-185 As an alternative procedure hexafluoroacetone can be used to protect/activate the amino acid for the synthesis of symmetric DKPs or of the second amino acid residue for synthesis of the dipeptide ester and subsequent direct cyclocondensation to DKPs.1186 The use of active esters for the cyclocondensation is less appropriate since it may lead to epimerization when a chiral amino acid is involved as the carboxy component in the cyclization reaction. Resin-bound DKPs as scaffolds for further on-resin transformations are readily prepared using the backbone amide linker (BAL) approach, where the amino acid ester is attached to the BAL resin by its a-amino group and then acylated with a Fmoc-protected amino acid by the HATU procedure, N -deprotection leads to on-resin DKP formation1172 (see Section 6.8.3.2.2.3). 

The spontaneous formation of piperazine-2,5-diones occurs mainly during N-deprotection or the acylation step to dipeptide esters (usually unhindered esters such as Me, Et, Bzl, and Pac esters) that contain an TV-alkyl amino acid especially at the C-terminusJ152 In some cases the formation of piperazine-2,5-diones becomes the major reaction product and thus prevents peptide elongation by the [1+2] or [1+3] segment condensation strategy in solution synthesis or elongation of the peptide from the C-terminus in SPPS. Piperazine-2,5-dione formation... 

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