Digital Modulation Techniques

If we take this equation together with Equation 4.2 we can write  

The product w(AP/P)max is proportional to the area of the unmodulated line (Section 1.2), and so in Equation 4.8 we have a relation between this area, the inherent line strength, the sample concentration and a set of frequency parameters readily determined by experimental measurement from the frequency modulated profile. This technique depends importantly, however, on making a good estimation of the background signal, which can become quite difficult in the case of weaker spectra. 

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A novel extension to the electrochromic technique has recently been introduced. This utilizes the exquisite abihty of digital signal processors to measure harmonic distortion. When a purely sinusoidal modulation is made of the... 

By way of conclusion, we have sketched a family tree (Fig. 12) of ERF and the related techniques for realization of microfluidic control in microfluidic chips. Through improvements made to ER effects and the development of soft conducting composites, researchers have been able to integrate those techniques with microfluidics in order to digitalize droplets of nano- to picoliter size and achieve droplet logic, storage, and display modules. 

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