Diffusion amorphous sugars

Water Diffusion in Hydrated Crystalline and Amorphous Sugars... 

Crystal packing diagram for raffinose pentahydrate. Three of the water molecules are located in a channel (Wl, W2, and W4) and two are located outside of the channel (W3 and W5). For clarity, only the oxygen molecules of the water are shown at 50% of the van der Waals radii. (Source Reproduced from Ahlqvist, M.U.A. and Taylor, L.S. Water diffusion in hydrated crystalline and amorphous sugars monitored using H/D exchange, /. Pharm. Sci., 91, 690-698, 2002. With permission of the copyright owner.)... 

Ahlqvist, M.U.A. and Taylor, L.S. Water diffusion in hydrated crystalline and amorphous sugars monitored using H/D exchange, /. Pharm. Sci., 91, 690, 2002. 

Spectroscopic methods, such as FT-infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy detect changes in molecular vibrational characteristics in noncrystalline solid and supercooled liquid states. Various nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, however, are more commonly used, detecting transition-related changes in molecular rotation and diffusion (Champion et al. 2000). These methods have been used for studies of the amorphous state of a number of sugars in dehydrated and freeze-concentrated systems (Roudaut et al. 2004). 

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