Diffuse axonal injury

Blumbergs P. C., Jones N. R., and North J. B. (1989) Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52, 838-841. 

In certain types of brain injury, such as diffuse axonal injury, spectrin is irreversibly cleaved by the proteolytic enzyme calpain. This destroys the cytosketelon, causing the membrane to form blebs, irregular bulges in the plasma membrane of a cell caused by localised decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane, ultimately leading to degradation and usually death of the cell. 

Diffuse axonal injury is one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury it refers to the extensive lesions in white-matter tracts and is one of the major causes of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after head trauma. 

Diffuse axonal injury Cytotoxic edema, myelin vacuolization, or axonal retraction balls... 

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), 52-2 DiTrajiccsco, D., 22 15-22-16 DiFrancesco Noble model, 19-8, 22 15... 

Tong Ka, Ashwal S et al. (2003) Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury improved dection and initial results. Radiology 227 332-339... 

Tong KA, Ashwal S et al. (2004) Diffuse axonal injury in children clinical correlation with hemorrahagic lesions. Ann Neurol 56 36-50... 

Our xmderstanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur after TBI have been advanced through the use of animal models of TBI. In general, animal models of TBI deliver mechanical forces to the skull in a controlled manner. Many of the outcomes in animal models mimic those observed in human TBI, such as concussion, contusion/hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury (DAI). As with any experimental model, however, there is a trade-off between reproducibility and physiological relevance. A brief description of commonly used animal models of TBI follows. Readers interested in further details about different animal models of TBI should read the work by Xiong et al. (2013). 

Inglese, M., Makani, S., Johnson, G., et al., 2005. Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury a diffusion tensor imaging study. J. Neurosurg. 103, 298-303. 

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