Diffraction using synchrotron radiation

The following results relative to Pd growth on Ni(llO) are the fmit of experiments combining many surface science techniques LEED, STM, AES, XPS, LEIS. It has been also the subject of recent investigations by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, using synchrotron radiation facilities at ESRF (Grenoble), and by DFT theoretical calculations. 

The structural model for tosylate-doped PEDOT presented a contribution to the structural characterization of PEDOT by using de Leeuw s chemical method extended to a surface-confined polymerization. Thin PEDOT films were formed that were subsequently studied with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. From these studies it was concluded that the material is very anisotropic and these thin films exhibit a limited crystalline order. 

The crystal structure (and in situ variable-temperature powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation) of [l-ethyl-l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium][NTf2] IFig. 11.23 mpt. 77°C) has been studied at 100, 223 and 295 K [299] and compared with that of the corresponding bromide salt (mpt. 194°C). The anion adopts the transoid conformation, torsion angle 165.5. Ions pack with weak CH... 0 and C—H... F interactions below the sum of the relevant van der... 

Examples of the exploitation of X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation in the study of fibres and films at high temporal and spatial resolution... 

Greenall, R., Fuller, W. High Angle Fibre Diffraction Studies on Conformational Transitions DNA Using Synchrotron Radiation. 151, 31-59 (1989). 

Mueller, M., B. Murphy, M. Burghammer, C. Riekel, M. Roberts, M. Papiz, D. Clarke, J. Gunneweg, and E. Pantos (2004), Identification of ancient textile fibers from Khirbet Qumran caves using synchrotron radiation microbeam diffraction, Spec-trochimica Acta 59B(10-11), 1669-1674. 

In addition to the decreased polarizability of the heavier metals, their larger radii require higher metal coordination numbers to achieve steric saturation. As a result, extensive aggregation, frequently coinciding with rather limited solubility in non-donor solvents, and occasionally even in donor solvents, complicates the characterization of these species in solution and the solid state. In fact, several structural characterizations of organoalkali species have relied on recent advances in powder diffraction techniques using synchrotron radiation.1 ... 

EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) measurements using synchrotron radiation have been successfully applied to the determination of structural details of SCO systems and have been particularly useful when it has not been possible to obtain suitable crystals for X-ray diffraction studies. Perhaps the most significant application has been in elucidating important aspects of the structure of the iron(II) SCO linear polymers derived from 1,2,4-triazoles [56]. EXAFS has also been applied to probe the dimensions of LIESST-generated metastable high spin states [57]. It has even been used to generate a spin transition curve from multi-temperature measurements [58]. 

X-rays have wavelengths in the angstrom range, are sufficiently energetic to penetrate solids, and are well suited to probe their internal structure. XRD is used to identify bulk phases, to monitor the kinetics of bulk transformations, and to estimate particle sizes. An attractive feature is that the technique can be applied in situ. We will first discuss XRD as done in the laboratory and then discuss newer applications of XRD as are available by using synchrotron radiation. The theory of X-ray diffraction is given in textbooks of solid state physics [1,2] and in specialized books [3-6]. 

Dillmann, P., Neff, D., Mazaudier, F., et al. (2002). Characterisation of iron archaeological analogues using micro diffraction under synchrotron radiation. Application to the study of long term corrosion behaviour of low alloy steels. Journal de Physique IV12 393 408. 

A Storage Phosphor Detector (bnaging Plate) and its Application to Diffraction Studies Using Synchrotron Radiation... 

The excellent characteristics of the IP system as an integrating area detector are well suited to X-ray diffraction and scattering experiments using synchrotron radiation. The system is particularly well suited for biological specimens which require the shortest exposure time or the smallest amount of X-ray dose possible as demonstrated through the applications in this article. 

Amemiya, Y., Satow, Y., Matsushita, T., Chikawa, J., Wakabayashi, K., and Miyahara, J. A Storage Phosphor Detector (Imaging Plate) and Its Application to Diffraction Studies Using Synchrotron Radiation. 147,121-144 (1988). 

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