Diffraction patterns adaptive structures

Fig. 1.17 (A) Structure of the dipeptides Val- ogel film. SEM micrographs of the (Ala-Cln, Ala-Gin, Ala-Gly, Gly-GIn and Gly-Glu. (B) Cly)027V2O51.0H2O hybrid synthesized at (C) X-ray diffraction patterns ofthe bio-nanohybrids pH = 1.5, and (D) pH = 1.0. (E) SEM micro-including V2Os xerogel and (a) Ala-Gly, (b) Gly- graph of V205 1.8H20 xerogel. Adapted from Gin, (c) Ala-Gin, (d) Gly-Glu and (e) Val-Gln. (f) [213] with permission from Elsevier.

Fig. 4.21 The influence of preferred orientation on the experimental X-ray powder diffraction pattern of modification III of sulphathiazole. Upper, expected pattern calculated from the single crystal structure lower, experimental powder pattern. (Adapted from Threlfall 1999, with permission.)...

A EXPERIMENTAL FIGURE 3-38 X-ray crystallography provides diffraction data from which the three-dimensional structure of a protein can be determined, (a) Basic components of an x-ray crystallographic determination. When a narrow beam of x-rays strikes a crystal, part of it passes straight through and the rest is scattered (diffracted) in various directions. The intensity of the diffracted waves is recorded on an x-ray film or with a solid-state electronic detector, (b) X-ray diffraction pattern for a topoisomerase crystal collected on a solid-state detector. From complex analyses of patterns like this one, the location of every atom in a protein can be determined. [Part (a) adapted from L. Stryer, 1995, Biochemistry, 4th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, p. 64 part (b) courtesy of J. Berger.]... 

Fig. 4a-d. Scheme of diffraction patterns and Fourier transforms arising from a lamellar stack with centrosymmetrical unit cell, (a) The discrete maxima at the reciprocal spacings s = n/d sample the continuous scattering function of one lamella, which would be observed without stacking (dotted line), (b) The structure factor or amplitude function, (c) The Patterson function obtained by Fourier transformation of I,(s). (d) The electron density profile obtained by Fourier transformation of Fj(s). Adapted from Ref. 3, with permission... 

F. 2.17 a Schematic representation of the formation of the nanoporous membrane based on smectic liquid crystals, b The chemical structure of the LCs. c Simplified artistic view of the nanopores in the layered network. To visualize the 2D pores the counter ion is not shown and the benzoic acid derivatives are drawn highly ordered, d A free-standing H-bonded polymer network, e TEM of the nanoporous polymer network filled with barium ions, scale bar 20 nm. f X-ray diffraction pattern of the alkaline treated network. Adapted from Ref. [76] by permission of John Wiley Sons Ltd... 

Fig. 11.6 The X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from a fiber of B-DNA. The black dots are the reflections, the points of maximum constructive interference, that are used to determine the structure of the molecule (see Case study ll.l). (Adapted from an illustration that appears in J.P. Glusker and K.N. Trueblood, Crystal structure analysis A primer. Oxford University Press (1972).)...

Figure 23. Structures of the tilted hexatic phases SmF and SmI, and their diffraction patterns with the incident beam perpendicular to the layer normals. (Adapted from [238]).

Figure 4 (a) The solid-state structure of MIL-88-as (CCDC deposition FAVKAP). (b) The solid-state structure of MIL-SS-HjO (CCDC deposition REZXIEOl). Non-coordinated solvents, counterions, and protons removed for clarity, (c) Stacked partial powder X-ray diffraction patterns of MIL-88 samples with varying levels and types of solvation, illustrating the considerable flexibility of the framework with respect to the presence and removal of guest molecules. (Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Ref 17. Copyright (2005) American Chemical Society.)... 

Electron diffractometry system with the combination of the precession technique can be very perspective experimental instrumentation for precise structural investigations. The technique can now be adapted in a commercial TEM (previously applied uniquely to electron diffraction cameras) taking advantage of the small beam size and can measure reflections in the ED pattern with same required precision for structure analysis. 

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