Diffraction electromagnetic spectrum

X-ray diffraction profile, 26 417 X-ray diffractometers commonly used, 26 422 X-ray effect, 20 661 X-ray electromagnetic spectrum,... 

All analytical methods that use some part of the electromagnetic spectrum have evolved into many highly specialized ways of extracting information. The interaction of X-rays with matter represents an excellent example of this diversity. In addition to straightforward X-ray absorption, diffraction, and fluorescence, there is a whole host of other techniques that are either directly X-ray-related or come about as a secondary result of X-ray interaction with matter, such as X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS) spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and time-resolved X-ray diffraction techniques, to name only a few [1,2]. 

Figure 23-1 A part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The letters Vy By G, Y, O, R over the visible part of the spectrum refer to the colors of the light. The position marked "Ka line of Cu" is the wavelength of X-rays and most widely employed in X-ray diffraction studies of proteins and other organic materials.

X-RAY ANALYSIS. X-rays occupy that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 0.01 and 100 angstroms (A). Their range of approximate quantum energy is from 2 x 10-6 to 2 x 10 10 erg, or from 106 to 100 eV. Important X-ray analytical methods are based upon (1) fluorescence (2) emission (3) absorption and (4) diffraction. These methods are used qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the element content of complex mixtures and to determine exactly the atomic arrangement and spacings of crystalline materials. See also Ion Microprobc Mass Analyzer. 

X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of wavelength about lA (10 m), which is about the same size as an atom. They occur in that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between gamma rays and the ultraviolet. The discovery of X-rays in 1895 enabled scientists to probe crystalline structure at the atomic level. X-ray diffraction has been in use in two main areas for the fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials and the determination of their structure. Each crystalline solid has its unique characteristic X-ray powder pattern, which may be used as a "fingerprint" for its identification. Once the material has been identified. X-ray... 

The word radiation was used until about 1900 to describe electromagnetic waves. Around the turn of the century, electrons. X-rays, and natural radioactivity were discovered and were also included under the umbrella of the term radiation. The newly discovered radiation showed characteristics of particles, in contrast to the electromagnetic radiation, which was treated as a wave. In the 1920s, DeBroglie developed his theory of the duality of matter, which was soon afterward proved correct by electron diffraction experiments, and the distinction between particles and waves ceased to be important. Today, radiation refers to the whole electromagnetic spectrum as well as to all the atomic and subatomic particles that have been discovered. 

Bohr model of the atom (6.3) coherent light (6.8) core electrons (6.5) diffraction (6.4) effective nuclear charge (6.5) electromagnetic spectrum (6.2)... 

Apparent volume of distribution Visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, wavdei ths of 400-700 nm Wavelength disprasive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy X-ray diffraction X-ray fluorescence... 

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