Differential pulse output

What methods could be used to actually measure the area under the differential pulse peak on the chart recorder output ... 

To understand why the waveform is a peak, it is necessary to consider what is being measured. The output is a current difference arising from the same potential difference, that is, AilAE. If AE becomes very small (AE - dE), we should obtain the first derivative of the DC polarogram, and the peak and Ey, would coincide. However, because the modulation amplitude is finite and, in fact, has to be reasonably large in order to produce an adequate current signal, the Fpeak value of the differential pulse polarogram is shifted positive at the half-wave potential for reduction processes ... 

To improve the selectivity of chronoamperometric in vivo analysis, a differential measurement ta hnique has been employed Instead of a single potential pulse, the potential is alternately pulsed to two different potentials giving rise to the name double chronoamperometry. This waveform is shown in Fig. 15 B. Because the current contributions of individual electroactive components add linearly to produce the observed current output, the difference in current response at the two potentials is the current due to only those compounds which are oxidized at the higher potential and not oxidized at the lower potential. This system provides two responses, the current due to easily oxidized compounds and the current due to harder to oxidize compounds. This gives greater selectivity than the direct chronoamperometric method. 

UV lamps are housed within the lamp sleeves. Quartz is often used to build lamp sleeves with open ends. The sleeve is used to protect, cool, and insulate the UV lamps. The most commonly used lamps in water and wastewater disinfection are low-pressure low-intensity mercury vapor lamps [also termed low-pressure low-output (LPLO) mercury vapor lamps], low-pressure high-intensity mercury vapor lamps (also termed as LPHO mercury vapor lamps), and medium-pressure mercury vapor lamps. Other lamps include electrode-less mercury vapor lamps, metal halide lamps, xenon lamps (pulsed UV), and eximer lamps. UV lamps may be oriented parallel, perpendicular, or diagonal to flow or ground. Orienting MP lamps horizontally relative to the ground prevents differential heating of the lamps and reduces the potential for lamp breakage. 

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