Diethylene glycol solutions

Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions... 

FIG. 2-3 Vapor pressure of aqueous diethylene glycol solutions. Coutiesy of Cafhide and Carhon Chemicals Coip.)... 

Amorphous films of the (Zn,Fe)S semiconductor have been obtained by electrodeposition on TO substrates from a diethylene glycol solution containing Ss, FeCl2, and ZnCl2 reagents [102]. The films were annealed at 285 °C in argon to give sphalerite and pyrrhotite (Zn,Fe)S phases. A direct relationship was observed... 

Baranski AS, Fawcett WR (1984) The mechanism of electrodeposition of cadmium sulfide on inert electrodes from diethylene glycol solutions. J Electrochem Soc 131 2509-2514... 

Sanders BW, Cocivera M (1987) Characterization of cadmium selenide electrodeposited from diethylene glycol solution containing tri-n-butylphosphine selenide. J Electrochem Soc 134 1075-1080... 

The aromatization of 3,5-dibenzylidenetetrahydropyran-4-ones is achieved in boiling diethylene glycol solution in the presence of palladized charcoal (57JA156). 

Brauer (B14) carried out very careful determinations of the values of iViie, for films of water and aqueous diethylene glycol solutions flowing on vertical tubes. The results were correlated by the empirical relationship... 

Brauer (B14), 1956 Extensive experimental study of film flow outside tube 4.3X130 cm. films of water, water + surfactant, aqueous diethylene glycol solutions, kinematic viscosity 0.9-12.7 cs. Nr = 20-1800. Data on film thicknesses, waves, maximum and minimum thicknesses, characteristic Reynolds numbers of flow, onset of rippling and turbulence, wall shear stress, etc. 

When the temperature becomes high enough for the potassium hydroxide to melt under the diethylene glycol, solution occurs rapidly with evolution of heat sufficient to drive material out of the top of the condenser if the source of external heat is not removed immediately. For this reason it is wise not to add the compound being reduced until after solution has been accom-... 

In support of this mechanism it has been found that the reaction is catalyzed by small amounts of Lewis acids such as ammonium sulfate or magnesium chloride.21 Ammonium formate rather than formamide appears to be the essential reactant. At 120 to 130° in diethylene glycol solution, ammonium formate will bring about the transformation whereas formamide will not.22 The last step in the reaction sequence, the reduction of the ketone ammonia or imine by formic acid, is supported by the observation that benzalaniline and p-dimethylamino-phenylmethylcarbinol can be reduced by triethylammonium formate to benzylaniline and p-dimethylaminoethylbenzene, respectively.22... 

This reaction is usually called the Wolff-Kishner reduction.14 In early procedures, sodium ethoxide was the base commonly employed and the reaction was carried out at about 180° in a sealed tube. A simplified technique, however, has been developed for carrying out the reaction in diethylene glycol solution with sodium o potassium hydroxide Little i lmown concerning the mechanism of the reaction, but two possibilities 14(16 are shown on p. 275. 

Sekiya et al. (1976) found that the terephthalamide 2.50 and the 4-toluenesulfon-amide 2.51 are still not entirely stable. They recommended replacing these starting materials for the synthesis of diazomethane by A [(A/-alkyl-A/-nitrosoamino)me-thyl]benzamide (2.53). The preparation is carried out in a stirred diethylene glycol solution with a large excess of KOH, over which petroleum ether is layered. The temperature is kept constant at the boiling point of petroleum ether. As can be seen from Scheme 2-19, it is claimed that dibenzoylaminomethane (2.54) and form-... 

Table 7.122 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions 23)... 

Table 7.128 Total Pressure Over Aqueous DIethylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature (23)...

Figure 11-14. Equilibrium dew points of gases in contact with diethylene glycol solution. Data of Polderman (1957)...

Figure 11-18. Total vapor pressure of various diethylene glycol solutions vs. temperature. Dow Chemical Company Data (1956)...

Lloyd and Taylor (1954) investigated the effect of glycol deterioration products and of various added chemicals on the rate of corrosion by diethylene glycol solutions. The corrosion tests were conducted by heating the glycol solution in a flask, with samples ittunersed in the solution and suspended in the vapor space. The vapor-phase samples, which were wetted with condensate, showed by far the most serious corrosion, and conclusions with regard to the corrosiveness of the various solutions were based on these samples. These conclusions were... 

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