Diamorphine diacetylmorphine

The processes used in the manufacture of morphine are believed to be still based on that described by the Scottish chemist Gregory,in 1833, with improvements devised by Anderson. A description has been published by Schwyzer, who also deals with the manufactme of codeine, narcotine, cotarnine, and the commercially important morphine derivatives, diamorphine (diacetylmorphine), and ethylmorphine (morphine ethyl ether). More recently Barbier has given an account of processes, based on long experience in the preparation of alkaloids from opium. Kanewskaja has described a process for morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine, and the same bases are dealt with by Chemnitius, with the addition of narceine, by Busse and Busse, and by Dott. It is of interest to note that a number of processes for the extraction and separation of opium alkaloids have been protected by patent in Soviet Russia. ... 

Pharmacokinetics. Diamorphine (diacetylmorphine) is converted in the body within minutes to morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine, a metabolite of both drugs the effects of diamorphine are principally due to the actions of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine on the p- and, to a lesser extent, the K-receptors. Diamorphine given par-enterally has a t) of 3 min. When given orally it is subject to complete presystemic or first-pass metabolism and only morphine (t) 3 h) and the metabolites reach the systemic circulation. Thus oral diamorphine is essentially a prodrug. The greater potency of diamorphine (diamorphine 1 mg = morphine 1.5 mg) may be due to the metabolite 6-acetylmorphine and to the common use of morphine as sulphate and diamorphine as hydrochloride. 

Morphine is the principal alkaloid of opium. It acts both as a base and as a phenol and reacts to form methylmorphine (codeine ) and diacetylmorphine (diamorphine or heroin). 

Heroin is diacetylmorphine (diamorphine hydrochloride) and is prepared by the action of acetic anhydride on morphine. It possesses four times the analgesic effect of morphine, but has considerably less depressant effect. Addiction is common, the drug being taken in the form of snuff, or by injection. 

Synonyms Acetomorphine Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride Diamorphine hydrochloride Heroin hydrochloride... 

Heroin (3,6-O-diacetylmorphine, diamorphine) was first synthesized from morphine by an English chemist, CR Wright, in 1874, and was introduced commercially as a morphine-like analgesic by the Bayer Company of Germany in 1898. Heroin was initially used as a morphine and codeine substitute for the treatment of tuberculosis and other respiratory illnesses. However, it quickly became apparent that this drug was more toxic than morphine and exhibited equivalent abuse liability and tolerance-... 

The metabolism of diamorphine (heroin, 3,6-diacetylmorphine), morphine and codeine is summarised in Figure 6.54. HPLC is important in the analysis of this... 

Heroin Diacetylmorphine diamorphine. A potent narcotic prepared by acetylation of morphine. 

Heroin (3,6-diacetylmorphine or diamorphine) was originally synthesized from morphine and is regarded as one of the most dangerous dmgs of abuse. The human metabolism of heroin is presented in Fig. 2.4 its main metabohtes are reported in Table 2.1. It is rapidly deacetylated to 6-acetylmorphine, which is further hydrolyzed to morphine in the liver. The first reaction is catalyzed by blood esterases, while the second occurs in the liver (Baselt, 2004). 

In many parts of the world, heroin is used by doctors as a way of administering morphine, not least to the terminally ill, though they call it by its medical name of diamorphine (short for diacetylmorphine) so as not to worry the patients ... 

Synonyma 7, 8-Didehydro-4,5c(-epoxy-17-inethylinorphinan-3,6c(-diol diacetate diamorphine acetomorphine diacetylmorphine Trade namea ... 

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