1,3-dialkenes polymers

The dialkene 1,3-butadiene is widely used in the manufacture of polymers, particularly synthetic rubber. The first synthetic rubber to be manufactured on a large scale and used as a substitute for unavailable natural rubber during World War II was a styrene-butadiene polymer ... 

Essentially, two types of unsaturated bifunctional compound display the capability of being condensed in high yield, via a transition metal-catalysed carbon-carbon coupling reaction, into their requisite generic high molecular weight polymers plus a small molecule non-conjugated acyclic dialkenes and haloaromatic derivatives. 

Ricci, G Italia, S. Comitani, C. Porri, L. Polymerization of conjugated dialkenes with transition metal catalysts. Influence of methylaluminoxane on catalyst activity and stereospecificity. Polym. Commun. 1991, 32, 514—517. 

Certain polyamides and polyesters can be prepared by solid-state polycondensation step polymerization, usually by heating the appropriate monomer or monomer salt. For example, nylon 11 can be prepared by heating crystals of 11-aminoundecanoic acid (melting point =188 C) at 160°C under vacuum. Polyaddition step polymerization of conjugated dialkene monomers can be induced in the solid state by exposure of the monomer to ultra-violet radiation. For example, irradiation of crystalline 2,5-distyrylpyrazine yields quantitatively a highly crystalline linear cyclobutane polymer... 

Bovey, F. A., The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Natural and Synthetic High Polymers , Interscience, New York, 1958. A review of the fundamental aspects of how crosslinking and other reactions of polymer chains under radiation come about. Polymers reviewed hydrocarbon, acrylate and methacrylate, chloro and fluoro, dialkene, condensation and natural polymers (Polym. Rev., vol. 1). 

Ciardelli, F. and P. Giusti (eds.), Structural Order in Polymers , Pergamon Press, New York, 1981. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Macromolecules, Florence, Italy, September 1980 dedicated to the memory of Natta with an introduction by Mark. The symposium outlines the main scientific and industrial achievements in the stereospecific polymerization of alkenes and dialkenes, and the relationship between physical properties and molecular structure. 

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