Diabetes mellitus insulin-like growth factors

Thrailkill KM, Fowlkes JL, Hyde JF, Litton JC. The effects of co-therapy with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I and insulin on serum leptin levels in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2001 2(l) 25-9. 

Polypeptides are substrates for receptor-mediated transcytosis. Cerebral insulin reaches the brain from the circulation via receptor-mediated transcytosis through the BBB on the brain endothelial insulin receptor. This receptor is upregulated in development and downregulated in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Similarly a BBB transferrin receptor mediates the transcytosis of transferrin across the BBB and this explains how the brain is able to extract iron from the circulation. Other RMT pathways consituting portals of entry to the brain for circulating peptides include receptors for insulin-like growth factors, cationic proteins, lectins, acetyl-low density lipoprotein and leptin. 

Proinsulin, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF), IGF-Binding Proteins, and Changes in Bone Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus... 

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