Development of various fields in chemistry

In this section we briefly review some of the important developments in the key fields of chemistry—organic, physical, and polymer chemistry—that enabled and continue to enable lithographic science and technology. 

Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884) formulated the theory of substitution thus  

A Short History of Chemistry, 3rded., Dover Publications, New York, pp. 208 210 

Optical activity involving the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light was first observed by Biot in 1815-1835 in a number of naturally occurring organic compounds, such as turpentine, camphor, sugars, and tartaric acid. Since optically active compounds exhibited this property both in their crystalline form as well as in solutions, it was reasoned that this property is inherent in the molecules. Mitscher-lich in 1844 observed that although tartaric and racemic acids are isomeric, the former and its salt are optically active, while racemic acid is inactive.  

In an attempt to elucidate the observation of Mitscherlich, Pasteur in 1848 observed that the crystals of tartaric acid are characterized by small facets that 

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